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5000 BCE
History of Medicine - Kaylee Hahn
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4000 BCE
4000 BC - 3000 BC Primitive Times
-They believed that illnesses were caused by evil spirits, demons, and that they were a punishment from the Gods
-Tribal Witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
-Used herbs and plants as medicine
-They would surgically remove a piece of the skull (Trepanation or Trephining)
-Average lifespan was 20 years -
3000 BCE
3000 BC - 300 BC
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
-Priests were the physicians
-Ancient Egyptians were the first to create Health Records
-Used bloodletting or leeches as medical treatment
-Average lifespan was 20-30 years -
1700 BCE
1700 BC - AD 220
ANCIENT CHINESE
-Believed they needed to treat the whole body to remove the spirits
-Mainly used herbs in medication
-Used therapies such as acupuncture
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average lifespan was 20-30 years -
1200 BCE
1200 BC - 200 BC
ANCIENT GREEKS
Hippocrates and other physicians were the first to..
-Observe the human body and the effects of disease
-Believe illness was the result of natural causes
-Use massages, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stress diet, hygiene, and exercise
-Average lifespan was 25-35 years -
753 BCE
753 BC - AD 410
ANCIENT ROMANS
-First to provide care for injured soldiers
-Hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-Built sewers and aqueducts for public sanitation
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Average lifespan was 25-35 years -
400
AD 400 - AD 800
DARK AGES
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provide care for sick people
-Medicine was mainly herbal mixtures
-No understanding of the cause of disease
-Average lifespan was 20-30 years -
800
AD 800 - AD 1400
MIDDLE AGES
-Interest in medical practices of the Romans and Greek
-1100: Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses
-1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria
-1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
-Average lifespan was 20-35 years -
1350
AD 1350 - AD 1650
RENAISSANCE
-Known as the rebirth of science and medicine
-Body dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
-1440: The printing press was invented which allowed people to share medical knowledge
-1543: The first anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
-Cause of diseases was still unknown
-Average lifespan was 30-40 years -
16th and 17th Centuries
-Increased knowledge of the human body
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
-1670: Invention of the microscope
-Cause of disease is still unknown
-Average lifespan was 35-45 years -
18th Century
-1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
-Average lifespan was 40-50 years -
19th Century
-Advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
-1893: First Open Heart Surgery
-1816: Invention of the stethoscope
-1860: Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in health care
-Average lifespan was 40-60 years -
20th Century
-1901: ABO blood groups discovered
-Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
-New medications were developed
-1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
-1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
-New machines developed
-1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
-1953: Heart Lung Machine
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
-1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th Century
-1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
-1978: Test tube babies
-Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
Vaccines in the 20th Century
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
Top Discoveries of the 20th-21st Centuries
-1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
-Minimal Invasive Surgery
-1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
-Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-Identify and kill the cancer cells
-1990: Smoke Free Laws
-Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
-1996: Advances in HIV Medication
-Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease
– Normal Life Span
-1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
-Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
Top Discoveries of the 20th-21st Centuries
-2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
-2003: Human Genome Project Completed
-Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
-2005: Face Transplants
-Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola