History of medicine- Katelyn McNeff

primitive times

4000 BCE

-People believed illnesses were evil spirits
-Illnesses were treated by "witches" during ceremonies
-Herbs were used as healing medicine
-People used to use trepanation where they cut out part of the skull
-Average life span was 20 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

-Believed in treating the whole body by healing the spirit and mind
-Began to search for real medical illnesses instead of spiritual reasons
-Average lifespan was 20-30 years

Ancient Greek

1200 BCE

-Hippocrates (father of medicine) and other physician
-First to observe the human body
-believed illness was a result of natural causes
-Average lifespan was 25-35 years

Middle Ages

800 BCE

• Renewed interest in medical practices from Greeks and Romans
• 1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses -1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia -Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria -1220-1255: Medical Universities were established Average life span was 20-35 years

Ancient Romans

753 BCE

-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Life span was 25-35 years

Dark Ages

400 BCE

• Emphasis on saving the soul medicine was prohibited
• Prayer and divine intervention was used to treat illness
• Monks and priests provided care for sick people
• Medications were herbal mixes -Average life span was 20-30 years
• Disease cause was still blamed on circumstance, no understanding

Ancient Egyptians

300 BCE

-priests were physicians
-bloodletting and leeches were used as medical treatment
-average lifespan was 20-30 years

16th and 17th Centuries

1600

-Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of -Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
-1670: Invention of the microscope
-Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
HUGE advancement
-Average life span 35-45 years
-Cause of disease still not known many people died from infections

18th Century

1800

-1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years

19th Century

1900

-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
-1893: First Open Heart Surgery
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-1816: Invention of the stethoscope
-1860: Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in health care
-Average life span 40-60 years

20th Century

20,000

1901: ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed
1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
New machines developed
Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
Organ Transplants

21st Century top 10 discoveries

21,000

2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
Prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola