History of Medicine -- Kamble

Primitive Time

4000 BCE

Illnesses and diseases were
-caused by evil spirits and demons
-a punishment from the gods
Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and Plants used ad medicines (morphine and digitalis)
Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
Average life span was 20 years

Ancient Egyptians

3000 BCE

Physicians were priests
-Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
Bloodletting or leeches were used as medical treatment
The average life span was 20-30 years

Ancient Chinese

1700 BCE

Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
-recorded a pharmacopeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
-used therapies such as acupuncture
Began to search for medical reasons for illness
Average lifespan was 20-30 years

Ancient greeks

1200 BCE

Hippocrates (father of medicine) and other physicians
-first to observe the human body and the effects of disease-- led to modern sciences
-believed illness is a result of natural causes
-used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
Average life span was 25-35 years

Ancient Romans

753 BCE

First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions monasteries and convents
First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.
Life span was 25-35 years

Dark ages

400

Emphasis on saving the soul and the study of medicine was prohibited
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease
Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
Average lifespan was 20-30 years
Disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding

Middle ages

800

Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans

Middle ages

1100

Arabs began requiring physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses

Middle ages

1220

Medical Universities were established
Average Life span was 20-35 years

Middle ages

1346

Bubonic plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-major diseases included Smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria

Renaissance

1350

Rebirth of Science and medicine
Body dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy physiology

Renaissance

1440

Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared

16th and 17th centuries

1500

knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased
Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the father of Modern surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding

Renaissance

1543

First Anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius
Average life span was 30-40 years
Disease cause still a mystery

16th and 17th centuries

1600

Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications

16th and 17th centuries

1670

Invention of the microscope
-allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms, huge advancement
Average life span 35-45 years
Cause of disease still not known-many people died from infections
-some enlightenment though due to microscope

18th century

1714

Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer

18th Century

1760

Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals

18th Century

1778

John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding

18th century

1798

Smallpox vaccine discovered

19th Century

1800

Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
Average life span 40-60 years

19th century

1816

invention of the stethoscope

19th century

1860

formal training for nurses began
-women became active participants

19th century

1893

First open heart surgery
-infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with diseas

19th Century

1895

X-ray machine developed

20th Century

1901

Rapid growth in healthcare
ABO blood groups were discovered
-found out how white blood cells protect against disease

20th-21st century

1910

Laparoscopic Surgery
-minimal invasive surgery

19th century

1922

New medications were developed
-Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes

20th century

1928

Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)

19th century

1943

New machines developed
-Kidney dialysis machine

20th century

1953

Heart Lung machine
- surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins

20th century

1956

First bone marrow transplant
-initiated embryonic stem cell research

20th century

1960

Organ transplants
1960-Kidney
1963-Liver
1967-Heart
1982-Artificial Heart

20-21st century

1970

Targeted cancer therapies
-interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
-identify and kill the cancer cells

20th century

1978

Test tube babies

20th-21st century

1988

Smoke-free laws
-decrease in 2nd hand smoke

20th-21st century

1996

Advances in HIV medication
-turned a ''death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease--normal life span

20th-21st century

1999

Rapid advances in stem cell research
-re-create lost/damaged tissue

21st century

2001

First totally implantable Artificial Heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In

21st century

2003

Human genome project completed
-mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune dieases

21st century

2005

Face transplants
vaccines
2006-HPV
prevents cervical cancer
2015-malaria
2015-ebola