-
4000 BCE
Primitive times
~illness was evil spirits or punishment from the gods
~witch doctors treated illness
~herbs/plants used for medicine
Trepanation(used during this time): surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull
Average lifespan - 20 years -
3000 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
~physicians were priests ~health records first recorded
~bloodletting/leaches used as medical treatment
Average lifespan: 20 - 30 years -
1700 BCE
Ancient Chinese
~believed in the need to treat the whole body
~recorded a pharmacopoeia of medicines based on herbs
~ began searching for medical reasons for illness
Average lifespan: 20 - 30 years -
1200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates (father of medicine)
~first to observe the human body and the effects of disease (ultimately leading to modern medical sciences)
~ thought illness was a result of natural cause
~ massage therapy, art therapy, herbal treatment
~ stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent
disease
Average lifespan: 25-35 years -
753 BCE
Ancient Romans
~first to organize medical care by providing care for injured
soldiers
~later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in t
he monasteries and converts
~first public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
~Galen established belief that the body was regulated by the four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile
Average lifespan: 25-35 years -
400
Dark Ages
~emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was
prohibited
~prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness
and disease
~monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
~medications were mainly herbal mixtures
~disease cause still blamed on circumstance, but no
understanding
Average lifespan: 20 - 30 years -
800
Middle Ages
~renewed interest in medical practices of greek and romans
1100: arabs begun requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
1346: bubonic plauge killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia ( major diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria) -
Renaissance
~rebirth of science and medicine
~body dissesctions led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
1440: invention of the printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
1543: first anatomy book was published by andreas vesallius
~disease cause still a mystery
Average lifespan: 30 - 40 years -
16th and 17th Centuries
1500: ambroise pare, a french surgeon, known as the father of modern surgery established us of ligature to stop bleeding
1600: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and solid medications
1670: invention of the microscope
~allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms (HUGE advancement)
Average lifespan: 35-45 years
~cause of disease still not known-many people died from infections
~some enlightenment though due to microscope -
18th Century
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
1798: smallpox vaccine discovered
Average lifespan: 40 - 50 years -
19th Century
~rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms,anesthesia, and vaccinations
1895: x-ray machine developed
1893: first open heart surgery
~infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
1816: invention of the stethoscope
1860: formal training for nurses began
~women became active participants in health care
Average lifespan: 40-60 years -
20th Century Vaccines
Diphtheria- 1921 Tuberculosis- 1925 Pertussis- 1927
Typhus- 1937 Influenza- 1945 Oral Polio- 1962
Measles- 1963 Mumps- 1967 Rubella- 1970
Chicken Pox- 1974 Streptococcus Pneumonia- 1977
Meningitis- 1978 Hepatitis B- 1981 Hepatitis A- 1992
Lyme Disease- 1998 Rotavirus- 1998 -
20th Century
1901: ABQ blood groups discovered
~found out how white blood cells protect against disease
~new medications developed
1922: insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
1928: antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
~new machines developed
1943: kidney dialysis machine
1953: heart lung machine
~surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
1953: structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th Century (continued)
1956: first bone marrow transplant
~initiated embryonic stem cell research
1978: test tube babies
~organ transplants
1960: kidney
1963: liver
1967: heart
1982: artificial heart -
20th-21st Century (top 10)
1910: laparoscopic surgery
~minimal invasive surgery
1970: targeted cancer therapies
~interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
~identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: smoke free laws
~decrease in 2nd hand smoke
1996: advances in HIV medication
~turned a "death sentence disease" into a manageable chronic disease- normal lifespan
1999: rapid advances in stem cell research
~re-create lost/damaged tissue -
21st Century (top 10)
2001: the first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: human genome project completed
~mapped out human diseases in an effort to get a handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: face transplants
~vaccines
2006: HPV (human papllomavirus vaccine)
~prevent cervical cancer
2015: malaria
2015: ebola