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3000 BCE
Primitive Time
-illness is caused by evil spirits
-tribal ceremonies to treat illness
-herbs and plants as medicine
-Trepanation or trephining (surgically removing a piece of bone from the skull)
-Average life span was 20 years
-4000-3000 BC -
300 BCE
Ancient Egyptains
-Physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
-Bloodletting or leeches are used as medical treatment
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-3000-300 BC -
220 BCE
Ancient Chinese
-Believed in treating the whole body and nourishing the body
-Recorded a pharmacopeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs
-Used therapies such as acupuncture
-Began to search for medical reasons for illness
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-1700-220 BC -
200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
-First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment
-Stressed diet, hygiene and exercise as ways to prevent disease
-Average life span was 25-35 years
-1200 BC –200 BC -
410
Ancient Romans
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established the belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Life span was 25-35 years
-753 BC – AD 410 -
800
Dark Ages
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-Disease Cause still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding
-AD 400 – AD 800 -
1398
Middle Ages
-Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
-1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
-1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
-1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
-Average life span was 20-35 years
- AD 800 – AD 1400 -
Renaissance
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
-1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause STILL a mystery
-AD 1350 – AD 1650 -
16th and 17th Centuries
-Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
-1670: Invention of the microscope
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
-HUGE advancement
-Average life span 35-45 years
-Some enlightenment though due to microscope -
18th Century
-1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
-1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
-1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
-1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
-Average life span 40-50 years -
Whale hotel
-reports on a hotel in Australia where you could go for rheumatoid arthritis.
-In this treatment, whenever a nearby whale died, patients could be rowed to the whale. Then, the whale would be cut up, and a narrow hole made in the body.
-The patient would then lay down in the carcass for around two hours. -
19th Century
-Rapid advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
-1893: First Open Heart Surgery
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-1816: Invention of the stethoscope
-1860: Formal training for nurses began
-Women became active participants in health care
-Average life span 40-60 years -
Milk tranfsusions
-milk was believed to be the perfect substitute for blood, and the fatty/oily qualities would become white blood cells.
- However, while a few instances of this procedure were successful, many resulted in death.
-In one instance, the injection of milk dropped the patient’s pulse immediately, to the point where they had to be resuscitated with a combination of morphine and whiskey. The patient only lived ten days after the operation. -
Soothing Syrup
-Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup was a popular remedy for babies experiencing anything from teething to diarrhea.
-heavy percentage of alcohol and morphine is the answer
-they are given the label “baby killers,” and the article advises that, “if you value your child’s health and life -
Chlorofom
Another treatment that was believed to be a cure for asthma was chloroform. This article claims that one treatment with chloroform completely relieved all symptoms of asthma. This belief would eventually result in the deaths of patients who had overdosed during an asthma attack. Here’s one example of such an incident. -
20th century
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
20th century
-1901: ABO blood groups discovered
-Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
-New medications were developed
-1922: Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes
-1928: Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
-New machines developed
-1943: Kidney Dialysis Machine
-1953: Heart Lung Machine
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
-1953: Structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
20th century continued
1956: First Bone Marrow Transplant
Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research
1978: Test tube babies
Organ Transplants
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart
1982: Artificial Heart -
20th century vaccines
Diptheria – 1921
Tuberculosis – 1925
Pertussis – 1927
Typhus – 1937
Influenza – 1945
Oral Polio – 1962
Measles – 1963
Mumps – 1967
Rubella – 1970
Chicken Pox – 1974
Streptococcus Pneumonia – 1977
Meningitis – 1978
Hepatitis B – 1981
Hepatitis A – 1992
Lyme Disease – 1998
Rotavirus - 1998 -
21st century
-2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
-2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
-2005: Face Transplants
-Vaccines
-2006: HPV (Human Papillomavirus Vaccine)
-Prevent Cervical Cancer
-2015: Malaria
-2015: Ebola