-
500 BCE
Rome
1st century BC to approx. 500 AD Varro (116-27 BC); Donatus (mid 4th century AD); Priscian (c.500 AD) -
400 BCE
India
Panini composed his Sansrkit grammar known as the Astadhyayi ‘eight books’. -
18 BCE
The Renaissance
15th to 18th centuries Erasmus (1466-1535) [Holland]
Petrus Ramus (c.1515-1572) [France]
Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) [France]
Franciscus Sanctius (1554-1628) [Spain]
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) [England]
John Locke (1632-1704) [Scotland]
George Berkeley (1685-1753) [Ireland]
David Hume (1711-1776) [Scotland]
René Descartes (1591-1650) [France]
Benedictus Spinoza (1632-1677) [Holland]
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) [Germany]
Port Royal Grammar (1660) [France] -
14 BCE
The Middle Ages
10th to 14th centuries Ælfric the Grammarian (955-1020) [England] The First Grammatical Treatise (12th century) [Iceland] Robert Grosseteste (c.1170-1253) [England] Roger Bacon (c.1214-1292) [England] Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) [Italy] Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) [Italy] Duns Scotus (c.1266-1308) Thomas of Erfurt (14th century) [Germany] -
8 BCE
The Dark Ages
5th to 8th centuries Boethius (480-524) Isidore of Seville (St.Isidorus) (c.560-636) Sibawaih (8th century, Persian grammarian of Arabic) -
5 BCE
Greece
Pre-Socratic philosophers and later Sophists
Socrates (469-399 BC); Plato (c.427-348 BC); Aristotle (384-322 BC)
The Stoics (4th century BC). -
19
19th century: Indo-European studies
Main early figures
Sir William Jones (1746-1794) [England] Franz Bopp (1791-1867) [Germany]
August Schlegel (1767-1845) [Germany] Jakob Grimm (1785-1863) [Germany]
Friedrich Schlegel (1772-1829) [Germany] August Pott (1802-1887) [Germany]
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767-1835) [Germany] August Schleicher (1821-1868) [Germany]
Rasmus Rask (1787-1832) [Denmark] Johannes Schmidt (1843-1901) [Germany]
August Leskien (1840-1916) [Germany] -
20
20th century
Structuralism Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) [Switzerland] Edward Sapir (1884-1939) [United States] Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949) [United States] Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890-1938) [Russia] Generative grammar Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) [Russia/United States] Halle, Morris [United States] Noam Chomsky (1928- ) [United States]