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Period: 17 to 19
Centuries Approaches about the classica method
it was associate with the laerning of Latin and Greek to promote their speakers' intellectuality -
20
Century Approaches to Language Teaching
The Grammar Translation-Approach -
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Jan Comentius
The most fmous languag teachr and methodologist, who created new educational techniques -
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Individual Attempts For Reform
basing on child language learning, proposed the first structural syllabus, in which the most basic patterns of the language were the elements on which language teaching should be made, T. Prendergast -
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The Direct Method
As a reaction against the Grammar-Translation Method, the Natural Method appears. It was implemented by L. Sauveur -
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Individual Attempts For Reform
He also emphasized the need to present new language items in their context,in spite of the originality of these ideas, they lacked the means for wide dissemination, acceptance and implementation, by F. Gouin -
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The Oral-Situational Approach
This method appeared in Britain, the result was a systematic study of the principles and procedures applicable to the selection and organization of the contents of a language course by Richards and Rodgers -
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The Audio-Lingual Method
What this method wanted to work is the ystematic attention to pronunciation and oral repetition of basic structures were the main source of inspiration for the teaching of the language. the teaching of foreign languages in American schools and colleges began to adopt an approach based on reading comprehension. The first application of structuralist linguistics to the teaching of English as a foreign language started at the University of Michigan -
The Communicative Approach
, the works of the linguist Noam Chomsky, which presented the tenets of generative transformational grammar; on the other hand, the contributions of British applied linguists, who emphasized the functional and communicative potential of language and established the need to focus language teaching on communicative proficiency -
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The Contemporary Trends In the Teaching Of English As a Foreing Language
appears in the USA the Language Learning Research Movement, with the aim of deepening into the nature of second/foreign language learning proces, the teacher pays special attention to the human values and relationships within the classroom, because it is influenced by the social and affective atmosphere in the interaction between learners and between learners and the teacher -
The distinction between Approach and Method
the American appliedlinguist Edward Anthony identified three levels of conceptualization and organization regarding the theory of language and the theories concerning how languages are learned this method is the level at which theory is put into practice and at which choices are made about the particular skills, content and the order in which it must be taught -
Promoting Communicative Ability
Wilga River'sexposure of its shortcomigs for promoting communicative ability as it paid undue attention to memorisation and drilling for the leanguage learning -
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The "Designer" Methods
The Chomskyan revolution in linguistics drew the attention of linguists and language teachers to the "deep structure" of language, new methods were proposed, which attempted to capitalise on the importance of psychological factors in language learning. David Nunan -
The Silent Way
rested on cognitive rather than affective arguments, and was characterised by a problem-solving approach to learning, held that it is in learners' best interests to develop independence and autonomy and cooperate with each other in solving language problems -
Total Physical Response(TPR)
it was developed by James Asher in which sustains that the more often a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory association is and the more like it is recalled.He believes that a second language learning process in an adult is similar to the acquisition of a native language by a child. Before producing verbal response, a child replies physically to commands or orders given -
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Suggestopedia
Developed by the Bulgarian psychiatrist Georgi Lozanov, it has been labeled a revolution in language teaching. According to Lozanov, this method uses music and the behavior of the teacher. Based on yoga and Soviet psychology, this method tries to exploit the hidden potential of the human mind, by means of getting the learner into a state of deep relaxation, close to hypnosis, by using yoga, rhythmic breathing and readings, in synchrony with some background music. -
Communicative Approach (Distinguishes Between Functional Communication Activities and Social Interaction Activities)
the purpose of engaging learners in communication, involving processes of information sharing, interaction and negotiation of meaning, work in the classroom must focus on contextualized, situational use of language, obviously by integrating the four skills by Littlewood -
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Community Language Learning
Based on psychotherapeutical research on language handicap, It focuses on the affective needs of the learner, which are paramount in order to make the foreign language learning process possible, (CLL) aims at both cognitive and affective learning, and refers to an individual’s total experience and according to Nunan, CLL is a student-centered method and focuses on the human side of learning a language, and not only in its linguistic dimensions. -
The Natural Approach
the objectives lead to the development of basic skills for personal communication, both oral and written. The syllabus presents the linguistic structures in an order of increasing complexity. -
The Evolution of language Teaching
Richard and Rodgers begin his seminal book by acknowledging that changes in language teaching methods throughout history have reflected the recognition of changes in the kind of proficiency learners need, as well as changes in theories of the nature of language and of language learning -
The Structural-Oral-Situational Method
this innovation consist of the use of syllabi composed of a series of graded structures and vocabulary, situational presentation of the new items, a balanced attention to the four language skills (oral skills precede written skills), and considerable controlled practice by means of substitution charts and oral repetition -
Content-based Instruction
its overall purpose and in its implementation, content-based instruction aims at eliminating the artificial separation between language instruction and subject matter classes which exists in most educational settings, The instructional design must include tasks addressed both to contents and language. -
Computer Aided Language Learning
may be defined as the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning -
Task-Based Approaches
it has become much more established in General English teaching. It is a methodological idea which attempts to get away from Presentation-Practice-Production ; students are not taught language points in advance, but rather are given communicative tasks to prepare for -
Strategies-Based Instruction
emphasised the importance of style awareness and strategy development in ensuring mastery of a foreign language. In this vein, many textbooks and entire syllabi offered guidelines on constructing strategy-building activities -
Noticing
when we do presentation and practice work with students on any language item, all we are actually doing is raising the noticeability of that language in the minds of the students; in other words, we are helping the student to notice it the next time and the next time, passes into the unconscious of the student
