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WWII - Rapid Training of Soldiers
"The origins of instructional design procedures have been traced to World War II" (Reiser & Dempsey, 2012, p. 23). Psychologists and educators such as Gagne, Briggs, and Flanagan developed training materials for soldiers. Image retrieved from https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaD/img/USA-C-ChinaD-4.jpg -
Bloom's Learning Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom developed learning outcomes in terms of objectives. Reiser and Dempsey (2012) state, "objectives could be classified according to the type of learner behavior described therein, and that there was a hierarchical relationship among the various types of outcomes" (p. 24). Image retrieved from https://nsuwptechnology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Screen_shot_2010-08-04_at_11.09.26_AM.png/155171723/576x422/Screen_shot_2010-08-04_at_11.09.26_AM.png -
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Programmed Instruction Movement
Programmed instruction is an independent, self-paced way for learners to acquire new material. It involves the learner working through an arrangement of precise steps. Each step is followed by an assessment to determine learner comprehension (Reiser, 2001, p. 59). -
B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism and Operational Conditioning
Skinner, a psychologist developed the characteristics of effective programmed instruction. The principles include: small steps, active participation and responding, reinforcement, self-pacing, self evaluation, and immediate feedback (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 24). Image retrieved from https://cultblender.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/bfskinner.jpg -
Launch of Sputnik
The launch of Sputnik in 1957 by the Soviet Union lead to significant changes in American education. Math and science were significantly accentuated and curriculum in was made tougher. There were also education acts passed that increased the amount of funding given to schools. (Reiser, 2001, p. 61). Image retrieved from https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1030/0749/products/sputnik-sticker-hires-white_1920x.jpg?v=1449069121 -
Early Instructional Design Models
Gagne, Glaser, and Silvern were the first to form instructional models. The terms used included "instructional design, system development, systematic instruction, and instructional system" (Reiser, 2001, p. 61). -
Glasser - Criterion-Referenced Testing
Robert Glasser assisted in the development of standardized testing. Criterion-referenced testing tests how one is learning, not on what they know. "It is intended to measure how well an individual can perform a particular behavior or set of behaviors, irrespective of how well others perform" (Reiser, 2001, p. 60). Image retrieved from http://www.chronicle.com//img/photos/biz/photo_18686_landscape_650x433.jpg -
Robert Gagne Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne identified five domains that enhance learning: verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies. Robert Gagne also identified the nine events of instruction (Reiser, 2001, p. 60). Image retrieved from https://bravolt.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/gagne_events.jpg -
Dick and Carey Model
Walter Dick, Lou Carey, and James Carey developed the systems approach model for designing instruction. The Dick and Carey model recognizes instruction as a whole system and concentrates on the connection between context, content, learning, and instruction (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 10. Image retrieved from http://educationaltechnology.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/dickcareymodel.jpg -
ADDIE Model
The ADDIE model is the common method used by instructional designers. The five phases include: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This model is used as a flexible guide for designing effective instruction. (Reiser and Dempsey, 2018, p. 24). Image retrieved from https://pamelajmorgan.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/addie.jpg -
Computers Begin to be used in K - 12 Schools
Computers and computer-based instruction began to be used in classrooms (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 26). Image retrieved from http://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/cd46283b787da6098458d714b571764a.jpg -
Human Performance Improvement Movement
The human performance improvement technology is "based on on-the-job-performance, business results, and noninstructional solutions to performance problems" (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 26). This technology uses computers to train and assist workers with various job duties. Image retrieved from http://sourcesofinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/Yerkes-Dodson-Human-Performance-Curve.jpg -
Constructivism
Constructivism is a theory built on observation and study about how people learn. This theory believes people gain an understanding and knowledge, by encountering and reflecting on their own experiences (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 26). Image retrieved from http://edtechtheory.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/1/7/4217401/35408_orig.png -
Rapid Prototyping
Rapid prototyping is a technique utilized to rapidly produce a scale model of a physical part or assembly using 3-D computer aided design and a 3-D printer."Rapid prototyping process involves quickly developing a prototype product in the very early stages of an instructional design project" (Reiser, 2001, p. 63) Image retrieved from http://uacdcde.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2ckb12246.jpg -
The Internet
The Internet sparked the interest of learners obtaining their education through distant learning (Reiser, 2001, p. 63). Image retrieved from https://i.ytimg.com/vi/185ncLkpK7A/maxresdefault.jpg -
Online and Web-based Instruction
In web-based learning, the learner uses computers to interact with the instructor, other students and learning material. It also involves using technology to support traditional classroom training and online learning environments (Smaldino, Lowther, Russell, & Mims, 2015, p. 132). Image retrieved from http://www.trainingmagazine.ae/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/elearning-keyboard.jpg -
Competency-Based Education
Competency-based education is measures learning rather than time. Learners progress by demonstrating their competence. This means they demonstrate that they have learned the information and skills essential for a lesson, irrespective of how long it takes. (Mendenhall, 2012) Image retrieved from http://www.reentrycorps.com/upload/individual-ksas-knowledge-skills-and-abilities-1427730.jpeg -
Social Media
The current trend in instruction in the workplace is Informal learning through the use of social media, smartphones, tablets, and performance support tools (Reiser and Dempsey, 2012, p. 26). Image retrieved from http://www.kaushalam.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/mobile-social-media-300x227.jpg
