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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Primitive Time
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3900 BCE
Important medicines still used today
Herbs and plants were used as medicines, and some, such as morphine for pain and digitalis for the heart, are still used today. -
3800 BCE
Believed disease was caused by
It was believed that illness and diseases were caused by supernatural spirits and demons. -
3700 BCE
Average lifespan
The average lifespan was 20 years in the primitive times. -
Period: 3000 BCE to 300 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
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2900 BCE
How do they heal?
They would call upon the gods to heal them when disease would occur. -
2800 BCE
Who are physicians? Who was the first?
Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools. Imhotep (2725? BC) may have been the first physician. -
2700 BCE
Average lifespan
The average lifespan in Ancient Egypt was 20-30 years. -
Period: 1700 BCE to 220 BCE
Ancient Chinese
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1600 BCE
Dissection (Beliefs and Result)
Religious prohibitions against dissection results in inadequate knowledge of body structure. -
1500 BCE
Importance of the WHOLE body
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body. -
1400 BCE
Average life span
The average life span was 20- 30 years -
Period: 1200 BCE to 200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
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Period: 753 BCE to 410
Ancient Romans
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460 BCE
Hippocrates
Hippocrates (460-377 BC) is called the father of medicine:
-Developed an organized method to observe the human body
-Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
-Created a high standards of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians today. -
384 BCE
Aristotle
Aristotle (384- 322 BC) dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy. -
370 BCE
Average life span?
The average life span in the Ancient Greek was 25-35 years. -
200 BCE
Sanitation system
Began public health and sanitation systems:
-created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
-Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities
-Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease
-Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria -
100 BCE
Hospitals
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes. Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents. -
300
Average life span
The average life span was 25-35 years -
400
Prohibited study of medicine, why?
Emphasis was placed on saving the soul, and the study of medicine was prohibited. -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
How do they treat disease?
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease. -
600
Average life span
The average life span was 20-30 years -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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850
Medical universities
Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century. -
900
Pandemic
A pandemic (worldwide epidemic) of the bubonic plague (Black Death) killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia. -
910
Rhazes
Rhazes, an Arab physician, became known as the Arab Hippocrates: based diagnoses on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease, Developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in AD 920, suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases, began the use of animal gut for suture material. -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1401
Rebirth
Rebirth of the science of medicine -
1425
Dissection
Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology -
1450
Artists
Artists Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically. -
1475
Average life span
The average life span was 30-40 years -
1501
Cause of disease
Causes of diseases were still not known and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever -
Period: 1501 to
16th Century
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1510
Father of modern surgery
Ambroise Pare (1510-1590), a French surgeon, known as Father of Modern Surgery: established use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding, eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds, improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs. -
1523
Gabriel Fallopius
Identified the Fallopian tubes in the female, and Described the tympanic membrane in the ear -
Average life span
Average life span of 35-45 years -
Period: to
17th century
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William Harvey
William Harvey (1578-1657) described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628 -
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented the microscope in 1666 -
Apothecaries
Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications -
Average life span
The average life span was 35-45 years -
Period: to
18th century
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Gabriel Fahrenheit
Gabriel Fahrenheit (1733-1804) created the first mercury thermometer in 1714 -
James Lind
James Lind prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795 -
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796 -
Average life span
The average life span was 40-50 years -
Period: to
19th century
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Blood transfusion
The first successful blood transfusion was performed on humans in 1818 by James Blundell -
Elizabeth Blackwell
Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) became the first female physician in the United States in 1849 -
Florence Nightingale
Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the founder of modern nursing: established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854, Opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London in 1860, and began the professional eduction of nurses. -
American Red Cross
Clara Barton (1822-1912) founded the American Red Cross in 1881 -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895 -
Average life span
The average life span was 40-60 years -
Period: to
20th century
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Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1928 -
Open heart surgery
The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery -
Transplants
-The first Liver transplant was performed by Thomas Starzl in 1963
-The first lung transplant was performed by James Hardy in 1964
-The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard in 1968 -
CAT scan
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975 -
test tube baby
The first “test tube” baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978 -
Average life span
The average life span was 60-70 years
