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Morphine which is used for pain, and digitalis for the heart, are still used today
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Believed illnesses and diseases were caused by supernatural spirits and demons
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Average lifespan was 20 years old
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They called upon the gods to heal them when disease occurred. Also used magic and medicinal plants to treat disease.
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Physicians were priests who studied surgery and medicine in temple medical schools. Imhotep may have been the first physician.
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Average lifespan was 20 - 30
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Religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in poor knowledge of the body structure
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Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body. Believed in the need to treat the whole bod by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
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Average lifespan was 20 - 30 years
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Hippocrates is ‘the father of medicine’
• Developed an organized method to observe the human body
• Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
• Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used by physicians today -
Aristotle is called the ‘founder of comparative anatomy’
• Dissected animals -
Average lifespan was 25 - 35 years
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• Created aqueducts to carry clean water to the cities
• Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities
• Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease
• Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria -
• Early hospitals where physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes
• Later hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents -
Average lifespan was 25 - 35 years
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Tried to focus on saving the souls, so medicine was prohibited
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Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat disease and illness
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Average lifespan was 20 - 30 years
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Physicians began to obtain knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century
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The bubonic plague pandemic killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia
Major diseases included smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague, and malaria -
Rhazes, an Arab physician, was known as the Arab Hippocrates
• Based diagnoses after observing the signs and symptoms of disease
• Developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles
• Suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
• Began the use of animal gut for suture material -
Average lifespan was 20 - 35 years
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Rebirth of the science of medicine
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Dissection of a human body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy
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Artists Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci used dissection to draw the human body mor realistically
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Average lifespan was 30 - 40 years
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Causes of disease were unknown, many people died from infections and the puerperal fever
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Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, was known as the father of modern surgery
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Gabriel Fallopius
- Identified the fallopian tubes in the female
- Described the tympanic membrane in the ear -
Average lifespan was 35 - 45 years
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Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart
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He invented the microscope
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Apothecaries was an early pharmacist, who made, prescribed, and sold medicine
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The average lifespan was 35 - 45 years
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He created the first mercury thermometer in 1714
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He prescribed lime juice which contains vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795
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He created a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
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The average lifespan was 40 - 50 years
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James Blundell performed the first successful blood transfusion
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Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female physician in the US
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Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing
- She created efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War
- Opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St Thomas’ Hospital
- Started the professional education of nurses -
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
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He discovered roentgenograms (x-rays)
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The average lifespan was 40 - 60 years
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He discovered penicillin
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The first heart lung-machine was used for open-heart surgery
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The first liver transplant was performed by Thomas Starzl
The first lung transplant was performed by James Hardy
The first successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Barnard -
CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scan was created in 1975
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The first ‘test tube’ baby, Louis Brown, was born in England in 1975
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The average lifespan was 60 - 70 years
