-
Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
-
3900 BCE
Disease caused by
Evil spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for the sick
- blood letting
- exorcism
- prayer and divine intervention
-
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
-Digitalis
(Treat heart conditions)
-Quinine
(Controls fevers, relives muscles)
-Belladonna and atropine
(Relive muscle spasms)
-Morphine -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
-
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
-Health records
(First to keep accurate health records)
-Who are physicians
(Priests)
-How did they heal
(Medicine, learned to splint fractures, bloodletting with leeches) -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
-Development of acupuncture
(Treat disease and sickness, turned into acupuncture) -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
-Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual
(Ancient Greeks were the first to study cause of illness, figure out it was natural, and not spiritual)
-Dissection
(Bodies were not allowed to be dissected)
-Hippocrates
(Wrote the standard of ethics “Oath of Hippocrates” -
100
Ancient Romans
-Sanitation System
(Brought clean water into city’s, built sewers, built public baths)
-Organize medical care
(First to organize medical care)
-Hospital development
(Kept rooms in their homes for people that were sick) -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
-
500
Stopped the study of medicine, why?
-The church believed life and death were the choice of God. -
700
How do they treat disease?
- Treatment turned into prayer
- Herbal mixtures
-
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
-
1100
Epidemics
Caused millions of deaths
-bubonic plague (60 million people)
-smallpox
-diphtheria
-syphilis
-tuberculosis -
Period: 1350 to
renaissance
-
1450
Rebirth
-Universities
(Building university’s and medical schools to increase research)
-Dissection
(Acceptance of dissection to study the body)
-Books
(Development of books to give people greater understanding and research) -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
-
1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied and recorded anatomy of the human body. -
1550
Gabrielle Fallopius
Discovered the Fallopian tubes-female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
Was able to describe circulation of blood and pumping of the heart. -
Antonie von Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope -
Apothecaries
Pharmacies increased as well as drugs and spices
-decrease in disease -
Period: to
18th Century
-
Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals, and that colds are contagious -
Medical students learning
- attended lectures
- observed patients at their bedsides
- dissected bodies, observe disease process
- helped students understand the cause of death and illness
-
Joseph Priestley
-Discovered that micro organisms cause infections
-Used carbolic acid to kill germs in wounds to stop the spread of infection
- found the element oxygen -
Edward Jenner
Discovered vaccination for smallpox, this led to the discovery of immunization -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope-helped doctors discover disease -
Period: to
19th and 20th Centuries
-
Ignaz Semmelweis
- found the cause of childbed fever
- learned that washing hands can get rid of germs and prevent illness
-
Florence Nightingale
-Took a group of women to the Crimean War to care for soliders suffering with cholera -
Louis Pasteur
- “Father of Microbiology”
- Discovered tiny microorganisms are everywhere and cause disease
- Found out heating milk prevented growth of bacteria
- Created vaccine for rabies
-
Dmitri Ivanovski
- Discovered viruses (microorganisms that cant be seen with a microscope)
-
Joseph Lister
-First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery
-Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill the germs that cause infection -
Ernst von Bergmann
-Developed asepsis
-Found a way to keep an area clean and sanitary before and during surgery -
Robert Koch
- Discovered multiple diseases-causing organisms
- Developed culture plate method (identify pathogens and Isolate bacteria that causes tuberculoses) -Introduced importance of being sanitary and clean to help prevent the spread of disease
-
Paul Ehrlich
-Found a theory for the bodies immune system
- worked hard in learning about chemotherapy -
Wilhelm Roentgen
- discovered x-rays
- allowed doctors to see inside their patients
-
Anesthesia
- used herbs, hashish, alcohol, and choked their patients to relieve pain during surgery
- nitrous oxide was discovered
- puts people into a deep sleep so they don’t feel any pain during surgery
-
Sir Alexander Fleming
- Found penicillin killed life threatening bacteria
-
Sigmund Freud
- found conscious and unconscious parts of the mind
- led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness
-
Gerhard Domagk
-Discovered sulfonamide compounds (first medications effective in killing bacteria, this killed deadly diseases) -
Jonas Salk
-found out that the dead polio virus would cause immunity to the poliomyelitis -
Albert Sabin
-used a live polio virus
-used to immunize babies against Salk’s virus -
Francis Crick and James Watson
-Found the the molecular structure of DNA
-explains how DNA replicates -
Christian Barnard
Preformed the first successful heart transplant -
Ben Carson
-Pioneer in separating Siamese twins
-preforming hemispherectomies (on the brain to stop seizures) -
Period: to
21st Century
-
Targeted cancer treatment
-pills that only attack the bad cells in ones body
-has better long term affect than chemo/radiation -
HIV Treatment
- keeps them in HIV positive status longer -prevents HIV
-
Telemedicine
-over the phone advice
-increased over covid (people weren’t leaving their homes so if they had concerns they would use telemedicine)
-saves money and time (rather than going into the clinic) -
Artificial organs
- high demand for organs
- heart, bone, liver, muscles, eyes, skin have worked
- saves people who are in need of organs
-
Functional MRI
-lets doctors see what the brain does