-
Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Early Beginnings
-
3900 BCE
Disease Caused By
Supernatural spirits -
3600 BCE
Treatments for sick
Performed ceremonies to force out the evil spirits -
3100 BCE
Medicines used today
Digitalis-from foxglove plant. Given in pill form (directly in vein) or injection to treat heart conditions.
Quinine- comes from bark of the cinchona tree. Controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, prevent malaria
Belladonna and atropine- made from poisonous nightshade plant. Relieves muscle spasms, especially in Gastrointestinal pain
Morphine- made from opium poppy. Treats severe pain, addicting, used when nothing else will help -
Period: 2999 BCE to 399
Ancient Times
-
2900 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
Health records- first to keep accurate health records
Physicians- priests
Heal? Drain blood, medicines for disease -
1900 BCE
Ancient Chinese
First to use primitive acupuncture therapies. Used stone tools -
900 BCE
Ancient Greeks
Illness cause vs. spiritual- first to study and determine that illnesses may have natural, rather than spiritual
Dissection-didn’t allow it
Hippocrates- took careful notes of the signs of symptoms of many diseases, wrote the Oath of Hippocrates -
100
Ancient Romans
Sanitation system- wore a death mask, believed it protected them from infection and bad odors
Organize- they were the first to organize
Hospital development- kept a room in their houses for the ill which was the first of hospitals -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
-
500
Stopped the study of medicine
Church believed that life and death were in God’s hands -
700
How do they treat diseases?
Primary treatment was prayers -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
-
1100
Epidemics
-Caused millions of deaths
-Bubonic plague (the Black Death)
-other diseases include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
-
1450
Rebirth
Renaissance period saw the rebirth of learning, scientific progress began
Universities-building of universities and medical schools
Dissection- the acceptance of dissection of the body for study
Books- development of printing press and publishing of books -
Period: 1501 to
16th and 17th Centuries
-
1515
Leonardo da Vinci
Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body -
1550
Gabriele Fallopius
Discovered the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy -
1563
Bartolommeo Eustachio
Discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (Eustachian tube) -
William Harvey
Able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart -
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope
Discovered that bacteria causes tooth decay -
Apothecaries
Early pharmacies
Engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices from the east. -
Benjamin Franklin
Discovered bifocals and found that colds could be passes from person to person -
Medical students learning
Attended lectures in the classroom and laboratory
Dissected bodies after they died -
Joseph Priestley
Discovered the element oxygen -
Edward Jenner
Discovered the method of vaccination for smallpox -
Rene Laennec
Invented the stethoscope -
Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever)
Large numbers of women died from this fever after giving birth -
Florence Nightingale
Cam from cultured, middle-class family, convinced her father to give her money to live, volunteered at hospitals
Designed a hospital ward that improved the environment and care of the patients -
Louis Pasteur
Known as the “father of microbiology”discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere
Proved that microorganisms cause disease
Discovered that heating milk prevented the growth of bacteria (Pasteurization) -
Dmitri Ivanovski
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen with a microscope, they are called viruses. -
Joseph Lister
First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery -
Ernst von Bergmann
Developed asepsis
Developed a method to keep an area germ free before and during surgery. -
Robert Koch
Discovered many disease-causing organisms
Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens and also isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. -
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease-causing microorganisms. Completed 606 experiments on the 606th he found a treatment that worked -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered x-rays in 1895. Took first one of his wife’s hand. -
Anesthesia
Early physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve pain. They choked people before anesthesia to make them unconscious to stop pain. -
Sir Alexander Fleming
Found that penicillin killed life threatening bacteria. Penicillin is considered one of the most important discoveries. -
Sigmund Freud
Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. He determined that the mind and the body work together. This led to the understanding of psychosomatic illness. -
Gerhard Domagk
Discovered sulfonamide compounds
These were the first medications effective in killing bacteria -
Jonas Salk
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. This virus paralyzed thousands of adults and children every year. Discovered a vaccine -
Albert Sabin
In contrast to Salk’s virus, he used a live polio virus vaccine which is more effective. -
Francis Crick and James Watson
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. They won the Nobel Prize in medicine for this discovery -
Christian Barnard
Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968. -
Ben Carson
Is a pioneer in separating Siamese twins and performing hemispherectomies. -
Period: to
21st Century
5 Advancements -
Printing of body parts
Found that living cells could be sprayed through inkjet printers without being harmed. Successfully printing bionic eye, antibacterial tooth, heart, skin, bionic ear, ovary, and elastic bone. -
Advances in Cancer Treatment
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy were developed as treatments for cancer -
3D Mammography
Studies shown that 3D mammography is a highly accurate screening tool for detecting breast cancer -
Development of X-rays
They can be used to identify diseases of the bone but they can also detect diseases of the soft tissue including kidney stones, lung cancer, and pneumonia. A more efficient vacuum tube was developed in the 20th century -
Artificial Intelligence
Technology giants such as apple, google, and IBM are inventing smarter and faster wats to deal with diseases. They can detect malignant tumors invisible to the naked eye, and cognitive computing systems that produce tailored treatment plans for cancer patients.