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Period: 4000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Primitive Times
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3900 BCE
Important medicine still used today
Morphine -
3800 BCE
Believed illness and disease caused by...
Supernatural spirits and demons -
3700 BCE
Average life span
Average life span 20 years -
Period: 3000 BCE to 300 BCE
Ancient Egyptians
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2900 BCE
How do they heal?
Called upon the gods to heal them when diseased -
2800 BCE
Who are physicians? Who was the 1st?
Physicians were priests who studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools. Imhotep presumed to be the first physician (predicted around 2725 BC) -
2700 BCE
Average life span
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Period: 1700 BCE to 220
Ancient Chinese
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1600 BCE
Dissection (Beliefs & Results)
Due to religious reasons, it prohibited against dissection resulting in inadequate knowledge of body structure. Instead they carefully monitored the pulse to determine condition of body. -
1500 BCE
Importance of WHOLE body
Believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body. -
1400 BCE
Average life span
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Period: 1200 BCE to 200 BCE
Ancient Greeks
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Period: 753 BCE to 410
Ancient Romans
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460 BCE
Hippocrates
“Father of Medicine”
- Developed an organized method to observe the human body
- Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
- Created a high standard of ethics used by physicians today, (Oath of Hippocrates) (ex. Jake’s white coat ceremony) -
380 BCE
Aristotle
Dissected animals
Called the founder of comparative anatomy -
370 BCE
Average life span
Average life span was 25-35 years -
200 BCE
Sanitation System
Began public health and sanitation systems:
- Created aqueducts to carry and clean water to the cities
- Built sewers to carry waste materials away from the cities
- Used filtering systems in public baths to prevent disease
- Drained marshes to reduce the incidence of malaria -
100 BCE
Hospitals
First to organize medical care (provided care for injured soldiers)
Early hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes
Hospitals later were religious and charitable institutions housed in monasteries and convents -
300
Average life span
Average life span was 25-35 years -
400
Prohibited study of medicine, why?
Emphasis on saving the soul
Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness and disease -
Period: 400 to 800
Dark Age
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500
How do they treat disease?
Prayer and divine intervention to treat illnesses and diseases
Medications were mainly herbal mixtures -
600
Average life span
Average life span was 20-30 years -
Period: 800 to 1400
Middle Age
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850
Medical Universities
New interest in medical practices
Physicians began obtaining knowledge at universities in 9th century -
900
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic of the bubonic plague (Black Death) which killed 3/4 of population in Europe and Asia Major diseases included: smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plague and malaria. -
910
Rhazes
An Arab physician known as the “Arab Hippocrates”
- Based diagnoses on observations of the signs and symptoms of disease
- Developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles
- Suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
- Began the use of animal gut for suture material -
1000
Average life span
Average life span was 20-35 years -
Period: 1350 to
Renaissance
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1401
Rebirth
The rebirth of the science of medicine -
1425
Dissection
Dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology -
1450
Artists
Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically -
1475
Average life span
Average life span was 30-40 years -
1501
Cause of Disease
Still unknown and many people died from infections and puerperal (childbirth) fever -
Period: 1501 to
16th Century
-
1510
Father of Modern Surgery
The “Father of Modern Surgery” was a French surgeon, Ambroise Pare (1510-1590)
- Established us of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
- Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
- Improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs -
1523
Gabriel Fallopius
Identified the Fallopian tubes in the female
Describe the tympanic membrane in the ear
(1523-1562) -
Average life span
Average life span was 35-45 years -
Period: to
17th Century
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William Harvey
Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628
(1578-1657) -
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope in 1666
(1632-1723) -
Apothecaries
(early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications -
Average life span
Average life span was 35-45 years -
Period: to
18th Century
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Gabriel Fahrenheit
Created the first mercury thermometer and 1714
(1686-1736) -
James Lind
Prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795 -
Edward Jenner
Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796
(1749-1823) -
Average life span
Average life span was 40-50 years -
Period: to
19th Century
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Blood Transfusion
First successful blood transfusion was performed on humans in 1818 by James Blundell -
Elizabeth Blackwell
First female physician in the United States in 1849
(1821-1910) -
Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing
- Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854
- Opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at Saint Thomas’ hospital in London in 1860
- Began the professional education of nurses -
American Red Cross
Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 -
Wilhelm Roentgen
Discovered roentgenograms (X-Rays) in 1895 -
Average life span
Average life span was 40-60 years -
Period: to
20th Century
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Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered penicillin in 1928
(1881-1955) -
Open heart surgery
The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953 -
Transplants
- First successful kidney transplant and humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954
- First successful heart transplant was performed by Christian Bernard and 1968
- First lung transplant was performed by James Hardy in 1964
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CAT Scan
Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975 -
Test tube baby
The first “test tube” baby, Louis Brown, was born in England in 1978 -
Average life span
Average life span was 60-70 years
