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Claudius Galen a Greek doctor who worked in Rome. He wrote over 350 texts on medicines. He disected pigs and apes and took them apart and studied them and thier bone structure. He aslo discovered the tracheotomy, which is an insicion in the windpipe made to relieve the obstruction to breathing.
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The fall of the Roman Empire. Rome had ruled much of Europe. Now much of the land would fall into confusion as local kings and rulers tried to grab power. This is the start of the Dark Ages or the Middle Ages.
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Muhammad, prophet of Islam is born.
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The teaching of the Christian church also encouraged followers to helo the sick and needy. Many monasteries (wealthiest land owners) were founded specifically to treat the sick. Local healers, sometime women, served at the monasteries. Otherwise, the treatment consisted of prayer and lots of well rest.
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Physicians were not licensed after formal training with experienced doctors. Physicians and surgeons recieved different training. Physicians learned by reading books and training with experienced doctors. Women were not allowed to practice medicine.
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Start of the First Crusade. The Crusades were wars between the Holy Roman Empire and the Muslims over the Holy Land. There would be several Crusades over the next 200 years.
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In 1189 Richard Lionheart becomes the new king of England.
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King John of England signs the Magna Carta. This document gave the people some rights and said the king was not above the law.
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Marco Polo leaves on his famous journey to explore Asia.
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Islmaic hospitals; health care for the sick. Religion continued to play a significant role in healthcare. Each hospital had seperate wards for different illnesses, employed trained nurses, and maintained stocks of medication.
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The Hundred Years War begins between England and France for control of the French throne.
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The Black Death begins in Europe. This horrible disease would kill around half of the people in Europe.
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Frenchwoman Jacoba Felicie tries to practice medicine but is denied. She was practicing without license.Sh defended herself by explaining that women were sometimes embarrassed to go to a male physician for treatment. The judge did not find in her favor, and she was forbidden to practice medicine.
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Brunelleschi became a famous painter for his two panel paintings illustrating geometric optical linear perspective. His first painting called the Florentine Baptistery is viewed frontally from the western portal of the unfinished cathedral. His second one called Palazzo Vecchio is seen obliquely from its northwest corner.
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The turning point in the Hundred Year's War between England and France. This was his first major military victory and the first major French success to follow the crushing defeat at Agincourt
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German inventor Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press. This will then signal the start of the Renassaince.
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Johann's invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period.
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The Ottoman Empire captures the city of Constantinople. This signals the end of the Eastern Roman Empire also known as Byzantium.
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Cosmo died on August the first. He was the first of the Medici political dynasty. After his death the Signoria awarded him the title Pater Patriae, "Father of his Country"
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At 2am on October 12th 1492, a sailor aboard the Pinta by the name of Rodrigo de Triana. He sighted land. New land, known today as America.
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In the fifteenth century, the invention of the printing press made it possible to publish books faster. Information about new discoveries could be spread quickly.
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he Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences also known as, The Ninety-Five Theses, was written by Martin Luther, 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.
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The scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance era and continued through the late 18th century, the later period known as The Enlightenment.
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In the sixteenth century the scientific method came into use in Europe. It changed the way people thought about medicine and research. It is a process used to acquire new knowledge. Instead of guessing people started looking for the real causes of what they saw around them. It was based on observation and careful note taking.This method was not common practice during the middle ages.
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Robert Hooke built one of the first reflecting telescopes. This allowed more careful observations to be made of patients and symptoms.Doctors could propose an explanation of disease and test it by experimentation and observation.
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During the Age of Enlightenment, a philosphical movement of the 1700's, studies of the human atonomy took place. These investigations, which had been forbidden by the church in the past, helped correct many beliefs.
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A connection was made between health and the enviroment. Edward Jenner, an English doctor, discovered that milkmaid's exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox. Around 1796 he began inoculating people with the fluid from cowpox blisters, thus the beginning the practice of vaccination.
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Joseph Lister was ridiculed for insisting on the use of carbolic soap to disinfect instuments and clean hands before doctors moved to another patient. Today we call his practice- the practice of disinfecting surgical equipment and hand washing as a way to prevent the spread of infection.
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John Snow had shown clusters of cholera outbreaks in London. He discovered the spread of cholera by contaminated water by doing a bunch of studies and exeriements. He soon then stopped the outbreak of cholera.
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In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, great changes were caused by the introduction of machines.
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Robert Koch discovered the pathogens, known as a disease- producing microorganisms, which are the source of some diseases and proved that Lister was correct. This was the beginning of modern Bacteriology.
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New diagnostic tools such as the stethoscope were invented. Blood cells, bacteria, and protozoa could now be seen with a microscope.
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Doctors knew that blood was carried through the body by large vessels, but they did not knowhow blood circulated throughout the body. This was explained by the discovery of capillaries.
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The twentieth century saw rapid growth nin healthcare. Discoveries in electronics and computer science changed clinical medicine dramatically. Antibiotics were invented. Radium, used for cancer treatment, was discovered. The use of x-rays gained importance in noninvasive diagnoses.
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In 1925 the first Televisual Image was created by a guy named John Logie Baird. He was also the inventor of the television, the first publicly demonstrated colour television system; and the first purely electronic color television picture tube.
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Ernst Ruska creates the first electron microscope in Germany. His invention was fundamental to the progression of science since scientist could now peer deeper into living cells
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Alexander Fleming made a discovery from a contaminated experiement. He discovered a powerful antibiotic, Penicillin.
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In 1947 Salk became the head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. He began then investigating the poliovirus. He found that the 125 strains of the virus he had to work with fell into three basic groups. In 1948 reserchers at Harvard discovred that the virus could grow on scraps of tissue, without needing an intact organism like a chick embryo. Bacteria usually contaminated the tissue, then they were now able to get the penicillin.
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The side of the moon that does not face the Earth is called the "The Dark Side of the Moon''. It has one of the largest graters of our solar system! The finally captured pictures of this.
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In 2001 we had a terroist attack. The crashed into the twin woters in New York killing lots of innocent people.There were other properties that were destroyed in the process as well.
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Rhazes discovered difference between smallpox and weasels. He wrote his findings around CE 900. His works were used until the 1800's. He played a role in the development of medicine as a science by building on the ideas of Hippocrates.
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Vikings from the Scandinavian lands (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) begin to invade northern Europe. This continued until 1042.
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Clovis becomes King of the Franks. Clovis united most of the Frankish tribes that were part of Roman Province of Gaul.