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State and Local Health Departments
State & local health departments started to establish laboratories across the US. First lab was established was in Massachusetts, shared between the State Board of Health, MIT in NYC, as a part of the NYC Health Department.
Institute of Medicine (US). (1988). A history of the public health system. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218224/ -
Charles Chapin published 'Sources and Mode of Infection"
Charles Chapin published his book 'Sources and Modes of Infection' discussing strict scientific measures of disease control. Chapin thought people were focusing on how to handle waste removal. Instead, he believed that we should focus more on controlling infectious diseases, such as preventing waste production.
Institute of Medicine (US). (1988). A history of the public health system. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218224/ -
Pan American Sanitary Code
This code provides instructions on how to reduce the spread of disease in the Americas. It provides a legal base for the achievement of its function & defines procedures. Urges countries to establish services for mortality, morbidity, & medical services at ports to diagnose contagious diseases.
100 years of epidemiology at the Pan American Health Organization. PAHO/WHO Pan American Health Organization. (2002, March). https://www.paho.org/en/100-years-epidemiology-pan-american-health-organization -
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS)
The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is established in 1951. This program was established after recognizing the need for a corps of trained epidemiologists who can be deployed for any contingency or world health issue. They could be deployed to handle chemical warfare to biological warfare.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, January 11). 1940s - 1970s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/1940-1970.html#1940 -
Polio Surveillance Program
The national polio immunization program started in 1955 with hopes to reduce the cases of polio in the US. EIS was able to find 260 cases of polio to improper vaccine production methods. This resulted in the CDC establishing the Polio Surveillance Program.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, January 11). 1940s - 1970s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/1940-1970.html#1940 -
National Health Examination Survey
This was the first year the National Health Examination Survey was conducted. It collected data on total prevalence of chronic diseases along with population distribution of many physical & physiological measures. This is a annual survey of a sample of roughly 5000 people.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, January 11). 1940s - 1970s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/1940-1970.html#1940 -
CDC investigates lead poisoning
CDC heads to El Paso, TX to investigate the lead exposure related to an ore smelter. This raised the understanding of effect of lead poisoning in children and the effects it has on children's developing nerve and brain. They found that the smelter released 1,116 tons of lead between 1969 to 1971.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, January 11). 1940s - 1970s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/museum/timeline/1940-1970.html#1940 -
First Ebola Case
CDC sent out to investigators to research first case of Ebola, which they didn't know was Ebola. First case occurred near the Ebola River, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. More information on the other document.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, August 30). History of ebola disease outbreaks. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/chronology.html -
Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
This was the first year that the CDC published the Healthy People Report. This report established objectives and goals for the nation to strive for to improve the nation's overall health. This was to be achieved by the year 1990. More information on other document.
Institute of Medicine (US). (1988). A history of the public health system. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218224/ -
Division of Injury Epidemiology and Control
The Division of Injury Epidemiology and Control was introduced by the CDC in 1986. They help protect Americans from any potential injuries or violence. They work together to understand how injury and violence can impact all and what they can do to prevent harm unto others.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023b, October 26). Injury center. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/index.html -
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network II
This program was created through the CDC. This program developed a multi-source surveillance method that helps determine the prevalence of FASSNetII. More info on other document.
O'Leary, L. A., et al., FASSNetII (2015). Methods for surveillance of fetal alcohol syndrome: The Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Surveillance Network II (FASSNetII) - Arizona, Colorado, New York, 2009 - 2014. Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 103(3), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23335 -
SPHERES Consortium
SPHERES was launched by the CDC in 2020 standing for SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing for Public Health Emergency Response, Epidemiology, and Surveillance. This program was started in response to the Covid-19 pandemic that was consuming the world. They expanded on the use of whole-genome sequencing of the Covid-19 virus.
Institute of Medicine (US). (1988). A history of the public health system. Nih.gov; National Academies Press (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218224/