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Period: 1200 BCE to 455 BCE
The Classical Period
Homeric or Heroic Period (1200-800 BCE): Greek legends were passed along orally, including Homer's The Iliad and The Odyssey.
Classical Greek Period (800-200 BCE): Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers include Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles.
Classical Roman Period (200 BCE-455 BCE): Playwrights of this time include Plautus and Terence
Patristic Period (c.70 CE-455 CE): Early Christian writers include Saint Augustine, Tertullian -
Period: 450 to 1066
Old English (Anglo-Saxon Period)
Migration and Formation of Kingdoms (400-600),
Heptarchy and Christianisation (600-800): The Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England began around AD 600, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the north-west and by the Roman Catholic Church from the south-east. The Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex (9th century), Formation of England (10th century): Anglo-Saxon England was probably the most 'developed' kingdom
England under the Danes and the Norman Conquest (978-1066) -
658
Caedmon's Hymn
Is a religious poem written In Old Middle and only nine lines in length also known as “The Hymn of Creation”, “Now we ought to praise the Guardian of the heavenly kingdom, The might of the Creator and his conception, The work of the glorious Father, as he of each of the wonders, Eternal Lord, established the beginning?
He first created for the sons of men". Translates from the gloss found in a manuscript in St Petersburg by Elaine Treharne Professor of English at Stanford University -
975
Beowulf
Is the oldest epic poem in literature English, it's anonymous consisting of 3,182 lines, developed orally and probably recited to the accompaniment of harp music; Tells about of the adventures a legendary hero who possesses superhuman powers called “Beowulf ” is main character -
Period: 1066 to 1500
Middle English Period
English gained widespread popularity among people in every stratum of society. Gradually, the language gained maturity, and by the late 1300s, Chaucer’s poetry made English the perfect medium for literature. That’s why religious writing forms a greater part of Middle English Literature. This often tumultuous period is marked by writings of Geoffrey Chaucer, the "Gawain" or "Pearl" Poet, the Wakefield Master, and William Langland. Other writers Boccaccio, Petrarch, Dante, and Christine de Pisan -
1085
The Domesday Book is completed
The Domesday Book is England’s earliest surviving public record, unsurpassed in depth and detail until the introduction of censuses in the 19th century -
1095
The First Crusade is decreed
Pope Urban II’s official call for “holy war” in 1095 heralded the beginning of centuries of religious conflict. The crusades were a significant and long-lasting movement that saw European Christian knights mount successive military campaigns in attempts to conquer the Holy Land. The religious conflict peaked during the 12th and 13th centuries and its impact can be traced throughout the Middle Ages -
1215
Magna Carta is signed
Has become one of the founding documents of the English legal system. At the time of its creation, however, the document’s long-lasting significance was not immediately recognized. Following a period of political and military upheaval in England, John was reluctantly forced to sign Magna Carta as part of peace negotiations with rebel barons. Drafted as part of a peace treaty, the initial document contained specific grievances dealing expressly with King John’s rule. -
1451
Leonardo da Vinci and the Gutenberg Bible
In 1452, the artist, humanist, scientist, and naturalist Leonardo da Vinci was born. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, compelling many Greek thinkers and their works to move westward. That same year, the Hundred Years War ended, bringing stability to northwestern Europe. Arguably one of the key events in the Renaissance, in 1454, Johannes Gutenberg published the Gutenberg Bible, using a new printing press technology that would revolutionize European literacy. -
Period: 1500 to
The Renaissance
Early Tudor Period (1485-1558): The War of the Roses ended in England
Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)
Jacobean Period(1603-1625)
Caroline Age (1625-1649). John Milton, George Herbert, Robert Herrick, the "Sons of Ben"
Commonwealth Period/Puritan Interregnum(1649-1660) Reforms in the institutions: In earlier times, literature was dominated by the spirit of religion and blind faith. 2. In the Renaissance age, it was the reason instead of the religion that governed human behavior. -
1501
Politics and the Reformation
By the first half of the 16th century, the Renaissance was impacting and impacted by political events throughout Europe. In 1503, Julius II was appointed pope, bringing in the start of the Roman Golden Age. Henry VIII came to power in England in 1509 and Francis I succeeded to the French Throne in 1515. Charles V took power in Spain in 1516, and in 1530, he became Holy Roman Emperor, the last emperor to be so crowned. -
Period: to
The Neoclassical Period
This time period is broken down into three parts:
Restoration Period (1660-1700): writers include John Dryden, John Locke, Sir William Temple. The Augustan Age (1700-1750): Addison, Steele, Swift, and Alexander Pope. The Age of Johnson (1750-1790): Major writers include Dr. Samuel Johnson, Boswell, and Edward Gibbon. Is characterized by order, accuracy, and structure. -
Voltaire
The bust depicts the noted French philosopher and writer, François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, whose wit and intellectual prowess dominated the Neoclassical era. The work is remarkably realistic, its modeling capturing the features of the philosopher toward the end of his life, his thinning hair, the smile lines around his mouth, and his wrinkled brow. Considered the greatest portraitist of the Neoclassical era, Houdon portrayed the intellectual and political leaders. -
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution. Mechanization and new manufacturing processes transformed people's way of life in Britain and elsewhere -
Period: to
The Romantic Period
Romantic poets wrote about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Gothic writings (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, "Monk" Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution brought about an end to the monarchy in France, and it introduced all kinds of revolutionary ideas to Europe like equality and liberty. -
Period: to
The Victorian Age
Sentimental Novels & Intellectual Movements like Aestheticism and Decadence. were written in England during the reign of Queen Victoria and are characterized by themes such as the struggle of the working class and the triumph of right over wrong. Explore this literary period, its authors, and their style of Victorian prose and poetry, the writings of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. -
The Elementary Education
The Elementary Education Act 1880 makes school attendance mandatory for children from ages five to 10, effectively reducing the hour's children can be forced to spend working in fields, mills, mines, and factories. -
first expedition to the Antarctic.
The British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904 (leader Robert Falcon Scott) undertook the first extensive exploration on land in Antarctica. Funding came from the Government, the Royal Society, the Royal Geographical Society, and private donations. The expedition set up base at McMurdo Sound from where sledding parties carried out recognizance and scientific programs -
Period: to
The Edwardian Period
The writers George Bernard Shaw and E.M. Forster are much more closely associated with the era. The majority of these movements chose to move away from the traditional forms of storytelling and poetry to embrace more experimental methods. Authors started using techniques including unreliable narrators and using a stream of consciousness. The Georgian poets, by contrast, were almost anti-modern, producing lyric poetry with rural and pastoral themes. -
Queen Victoria dies
Jan. 22, 1901: Queen Victoria dies on the Isle of Wight at age 81, ending the Victorian Era. She is succeeded by Edward VII, her eldest son, who reigned until his death in 1910. At the time of her death, the British Empire extended over roughly one-fifth of the earth’s land surface, giving rise to the claim, “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” -
Marie Curie to win the Nobel Prize
Marie Curie becomes the first woman to win the Nobel Prize. Wright Brothers make the first successful flight in a petrol-powered aeroplane. -
Period: to
The Georgian Period
The Georgian poets arrived between two important movements in poetry, the Aestheticism of the Victorian period and Modernism, which followed the outbreak of the First World War. Georgian poetry was seen as a rejection of Aestheticism and the movement's motto 'art for art's sake and its devotion to unnatural beauty. The work of the Georgian poets was often romantic and sentimental, Georgian poetry, including its use of formal techniques, Romanticism and sentimentality. -
Edward VII's Death
He died in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. In the last years of his life, the King were often gravely hill, but it was unreported. His successor was George V. -
Period: to
The Modern Period
Modernist Writers, Realism, etc.
Writers presented the world or society as a challenge to the integrity of their characters. Poets abandoned traditional rhyme schemes and wrote in free verse. Novelists defied all expectations. Modernist writers infused objects, people, places, and events with significant meanings. They imagined reality with multiple layers, many of them hidden or in a sort of code. Writers saw literature more as a craft than a flowering of creativity. -
World War 1
World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan, and the United States (the Allied Powers) -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth century. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of czarist rule. The Bolsheviks would later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. -
Great Depression
Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. -
World War 2 began
World War II, also called the Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world from years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. -
The Cold War Begins
Once World War II had ended, Bernard Baruch (a multimillionaire and financier) described the frosty relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union as a "Cold War," a term that was immediately picked up by the media and created a sense of paranoia and general bad vibes. -
The Berlin Wall Is Built
With Germany having been divided up post-WWII and the Soviets controlling the East side, some folks found that life in the East was far from ideal and started moving to the West side—that is, until the Soviets built a wall that not only stopped anyone from leaving/entering the East but also became a symbol of the Cold War. -
The Berlin Wall Falls
Having long stood as a symbol of Soviet control, the Berlin wall fell when the Soviet system finally collapsed—a major cultural event that signaled the end of the Cold War. -
The Postmodern Period (1945 – onward)
Postmodern literature reflects the social and political views of its authors the connections with the events, and the socio-economic messages of his works. uses avant-garde narrative resources, such as the modification of time and the presentation of the inner world of the characters. The development of magical realism
such as Gabriel García Márquez, Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Günter Grass, and Salman