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The Colonial Period - 1607 to 1775
The religious differences in the different colonies spilled over into education practices. Education emphasized recitation and memorization, and commonly used corporal punishment. European influences created a more human and child-centered educational philosophy. -
Old Deluder Satan Act
Required every town of fifty or more persons was required to employ a teacher. This is considered an early example of public education in America. -
Southern colonies
Education during the colonial era consisted of private tutors for the sons of white, wealthy families. -
The Middle colonies
Culturally influenced parochial schools created to teach religion as well as the three R's.Colonists from many European nations helped to create many different schools that operated in their own languages. -
New England colonies
Education and religion closely linked together. The colonists were very homogeneous in language and religion which created common schools that emphasized religion. -
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Early National Period
The US Constitution established the principal of separation of church and state, prohibiting the creation of an official national religion. The Tenth Amendment placed responsibility for funding and governing education in local and state authority. Education was viewed as crucial for promoting the national interest. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
Designed to help the states raise money for education by selling land in the territories west of the original colonies. -
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Common School Movement
Tax supported schools laid the foundation for universal access to public education, for all children, not just the wealthy. States created departments of education to govern schools and create standard grade levels and curriculum. Creation of normal schools to improve professional training for teachers. -
Horace Mann
Key figure in creation of educational policy. While Secretary for Massachusetts State Board of Education, Mann led changes that made Massachusetts the leader in public education, including increasing funding, increasing teacher salaries, and creating new schools. -
Normal schools
Two year institutions created to educate teachers. Prior to the creation of normal schools, teachers were typically men preparing for work in the ministry. Normal schools encouraged woman to become teachers, teaching them content and pedagogy. -
The Committee of Ten
National Education Association created The Committee of Ten to make recommendations regarding curriculum, standards, and programs. They concluded that those students who did not intend on going to college should receive the same high school curriculum as those who did go to college. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
Supreme Court ruled that ‘separate but equal’ educational facilities were constitutional. -
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The Modern Era
A national emphasis on education to promote national progress. Increased federal involvement in education due to many factors, including the Cold War with the Soviet Union, poverty and the Great Society, economic struggles and maintaining our global advancements, and achieving educational equity. -
Brown vs Board of Education
Supreme Court decision that ruled that ‘separate but equal’ was unconstitutional. -
The Cold War (1957-1980s)
Increased government funds for science, math, and foreign language education following the Russian launch of Sputnik. -
the War on Poverty (1960s)
Federal programs during the 1960s designed to eradicate poverty. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Prohibits discrimination against students on the basis of race. -
Title I
Funds supplemental education services for low-income schools. -
Title IX
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. -
Creation of the Department of Education
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Free and appropriate education for all students, including those with exceptionalities. -
A Nation at Risk
Report from National Commission on Excellence in Education that determined the United States was falling educationally behind other countries around the world.
