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Common Schools
The Common School movement was the effort to fund public schools in every community with public dollars. Started by Horace Mann, this movement allowed all white children to go to schools that were free, locally funded and governed, and regulated to some degree by the state.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBokePYhBfY
Marshall, J. M. (n.d.). Common schools movement. Iowa State University Digital Repository. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/edu_pubs/67/. -
Massachusetts Enacts Mandatory Attendance Law
This law states that students are required to go to school. It was established in 1852 and could have lead to fines and jail time for failure to comply. This law also lead to the refined laws we have today.
Massachusetts Compulsory Education Laws. Findlaw. (2016, June 21). Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://statelaws.findlaw.com/massachusetts-law/massachusetts-compulsory-education-laws.html. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
This case held up the ideals of separate but equal. This court case allowed our country to be segregated in all aspects of life including schools.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsDTqtyiNZk
History.com Editors. (2009, October 29). Plessy v. Ferguson. History.com. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/plessy-v-ferguson. -
Brown vs. Board of Education
This court case overturned the separate but equal principle in Plessy vs. Ferguson and ruled that separating students on the basis of race was unconstitutional. This ended racially segregated schools and allowed blacks and whites to go to school together.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwxprgouAYU
Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Our Documents - Brown v. Board of Education (1954). (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=87. -
Little Rock 9
The Little Rock 9 I think showed exactly all of the toxicity and hatred that people had for the court ruling in Brown v BOE. This event was when 9 black students desegregated Little Rock Central high school. This event sparked integration of schools throughout the country and was a monumental event. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ym8rdtq-KBE History.com Editors. (2010, January 29). Little rock nine. History.com. -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
This act, created by President Lyndon B. Johnson was one of his ways of attacking the "war" on poverty. This act put an emphasis on quality equal education. This act has been renewed every five years since it was signed into law.
Elementary and secondary education act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project. (2018, April 29). February 26, 2022, from https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/. -
Title IX
Congress enacted title IX to make sure no one is excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination on the basis of sex under "any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."
The 14th amendment and the evolution of title IX. United States Courts. (n.d.). Retrieved February 26, 2022, from a website that is to long to put into the citation. -
A nation at risk!
A crisis in which students became disinterested in school, nation had failed the students, lead to a nation of "non-learners". This lead to education improvement and care from the government.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/a-nation-at-risk-summary-effects-on-education.html
US Department of Education (ED). (n.d.). A nation at risk. Archived. Retrieved February 26, 2022, from https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/NatAtRisk/risk.html. -
Federal Government begins direct lending for student loans
Poor students receive help from the government for the first time. This leads to new scholarships being made and opportunities that these poor students would've never had before. NT3V-M8KE: Archived: A nation at risk : Free download, Borrow, and streaming. Internet Archive. (n.d.). February 26, 2022, 2021, from https://archive.org/details/perma_cc_NT3V-M8KE. -
No Child Left Behind is passed
The No Child Left Behind Act authorizes several federal education programs that are administered by the states. The law reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education act. Under this law schools are required to test students in grades 3-8 and once in high school.
Ospi. (n.d.). February 26, 2022, from https://www.k12.wa.us/policy-funding/grants-grant-management/every-student-succeeds-act-essa-implementation/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-esea/no-child-left-behind-act-2001.