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Period: to
Colonial Period
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First Latin Grammar School
The Boston Latin School, located in Boston, Massachusetts, was the first school to open in the United States. It was founded by Reverend John Cotton and modeled after the Free Grammar School in Boston, England. http://www.bls.org/pics/bls1.jpg -
Massachusetts Act of 1642
The Massachusetts Act of 1642 was the first of three Massachusetts School Laws. The law required that parents and educators be in charge of children's basic literacy. http://www.ezilon.com/maps/images/usa/massachusetts_simple.gif -
Old Deluder Satan Act
The Old Deluder Satan Act was the second of three Massachusetts Acts. It claimed that illiteracy was the goal of Satan. It ordered that every town of 50 households was to appoint one person in the town to teach the children, and that the teacher's wages should be paid by the inhabitants of the town. It also said that any town of 100 must set up a grammar school. https://christianheritage.wikispaces.com/file/view/Old%20Deluder%20Satan%20Act.jpg/576163535/380x309/Old%20Deluder%20Satan%20Act.jpg -
New England Primer
The New England Primer was used to teach reading in the New England colonies. It was first published in 1690. It had less than 90 pages and was about three by four inches. It was used all the way into the early 1800s. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New-England_Primer_Enlarged_printed_and_sold_by_Benjamin_Franklin.jpg/230px-New-England_Primer_Enlarged_printed_and_sold_by_Benjamin_Franklin.jpg -
Hornbook
The hornbook was a small paddle made of wood that had a sheet of paper glued to it. It was covered with a thin, transparent layer of cow's horn to protect it. The paper had the ABC's, some letter pairs, and usually the Lord's Prayer printed on it. https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/9e/e9/13/9ee9137e2528db8028c306994f600cc6.jpg -
Period: to
Young Nation Period
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Monitorial System
The monitorial system of providing training for teachers was developed in England and was later introduced in the United States. The monitors were the older and better students. They were taught by experienced teachers and they instructed the younger students. This system kept education at a low cost, it trained children for future jobs, and it gave experience to the monitors who sometimes went on to become teachers themselves. http://sau53.org/dcs/classes/8grade/cemetery/jones/class.jpg -
The Common School
The common school was an elementary school. It reflected the common school movement, which was based on the belief every child had the right to a free, public education and that free education would strengthen the nation. However, every child meant primarily white boys, with a few girls and a few black children. http://resources1.news.com.au/images/2010/07/05/1225888/020409-grosvenor-common-school.jpg -
Normal Schools
Before normal schools became commonplace, primary school teachers were selected based on their knowledge of the subjects and their morality. The first state-funded teacher preparation school opened in 1839. They focused on the humanistic and individualistic teaching methodologies developed by Johann Pestalozzi. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Framingham_State_Univ_May_Hall_1891.JPG -
Morrill Act of 1862
Also known as the Land Grant College Act, the Morrill Act of 1862 gave every state 30,000 acres of public land to be used for colleges. The states were instructed to sell this land to open colleges to teach engineering, agriculture, and military service. The second Morrill Act, passed in 1890, expanded the system to southern states to include black colleges. https://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/051/cartes/021063fv.jpg -
The Loomis Chaffee School
The Loomis Chaffee School was originally called the Loomis Institute, and was started by five Loomis siblings who had lost all of their children. It disregarded traditions of the time and had no religious or political criteria for admission. It admitted both boys and girls, and taught both vocational and college preparatory courses. http://historicbuildingsct.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Loomis-Homestead.jpg -
College Board Formed
The College Board was originally called the College Entrance Examination Board. It was started to create uniformity in college preparation. It administered exams in which demonstration of knowledge and understanding of specific subjects was shown. The first SAT was then given in 1926. http://www.intellectualtakeout.org/sites/ito/files/americanhistoryexam1_0.jpg -
Period: to
Progressive Nation Period
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Progressivism
During Theodore Roosevelt's presidency, America was industrializing and needed better-educated workers. Reforms were made and John Dewey was a big part of the education movement. He thought the purpose of education was to prepare life-long learners, the teacher is the facilitator, and schools should encourage group work and new technology. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1906/roosevelt.jpg -
Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education
The Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education published the Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education as a guide for education in America. The principles are:
1. Health
2. Command of fundamental principles
3. Worthy home membership
4. Vocation
5. Civic education
6. Worthy use of leisure
7. Ethical character http://genderandscienceeducation.weebly.com/uploads/4/1/8/0/41808523/206572996_orig.jpg?196 -
American Federation of Teachers
The goal of the AFT was to improve teaching conditions, increase wages, and provide benefits for teachers. The AFT was formed in part to include teachers in the decision-making process, and still continues that mission today. http://www.aft.org/sites/all/themes/custom/aftorg/share-logo.png -
American Education Week
The NEA along with the American Legion declared the first American Education Week in 1921 to raise awareness of the importance of education. It was in response to the low literacy rate of America's young men after World War I. 25% were illiterate. http://library.gwu.edu/sites/default/files/scrc/1909%20nea%20seal_WEBSITE_0.jpg -
Servicemen's Readjustment Act
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 is better known as the GI Bill. It is the first major federal aid package for higher education. It provided funds for World War 2 veterans to attend college. The current version of the bill is called the Montgomery GI Bill. It provides up to 36 months of education benefits. http://3mc77e18jo7n1uk8m71my8ml.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Gi-Bill-of-Rights1.jpg -
Period: to
Post-War Period
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National Defense Education Act
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the NDEA to provide federal aid for public and private education at all levels in response to the launch of Sputnik the year before. The education of the youth was considered important to national security. https://cuny.edu/site/cc/higher-education/science1/1science.jpg -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act
President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a war on poverty in 1964. He signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act as part of his war on poverty. It provided federal guidance and funds to districts with a high number of disadvantaged students. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/ESEAJohnson.jpg/220px-ESEAJohnson.jpg -
Higher Education Act
The Higher Education Act provides funds for loans, work study, and institutional aid. 95% or so of the funds go to disadvantaged students in the form of Pell grants. The act has been reauthorized about every 5 years, but the funding has not grown as rapidly as college costs. http://web.iit.edu/sites/web/files/field_uploads/slideshow/full-body-slide/2014/hea_main_image_770x350.jpg -
Title IX
Signed into effect by Richard Nixon, Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities that receive federal funding. It is commonly thought to apply only to girls in sports, but actually applies to all federally funded education programs at all levels. http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/historyoftitleix_rally05.jpg -
Period: to
Modern Period
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A Nation at Risk
The National Commission on Excellence in Education issued A Nation at Risk in 1983. The commission had 18 members; university presidents, college professors, teachers, school board members, school administrators, business leaders, and Nobel Prize winners. It endorsed the traditional academic model of a college-preparatory high school. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/A_Nation_at_Risk.jpeg -
A Nation Prepared: Teachers for the Twenty-First Century
A Nation Prepared was a report released in 1986. It called for better teacher preparation in terms of both subject matter and pedagogy. https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51qpd286ZdL._SY379_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg -
National Board for Professional Teaching Standards
The National Board for Professional Teaching Standards was formed after recommendation by A Nation Prepared. Its primary goal is to establish standards for teaching and to certify exemplary teachers at the national level. http://www.alulike.org/services/kaipukaeo/images/NBPTS.png -
GOALS 2000
GOALS 2000 was signed into federal law by President Bill Clinton. Because it was federal law, grants were awarded to universities to develop standards in curriculum. The Office of Assessment was also established to measure progress towards reaching the goals. https://www.clintonfoundation.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/timeline3.jpg -
Race to the Top
Race to the Top was announced by Barack Obama in 2009. It supports programs and strategies in education that increase student achievement and school/school system effectiveness. States competed for a share of the 4.35 billion in grants by proposing education reforms. Initial winners were DE, TN, DC, FL, GA, HI, MD, MA, NY, NC, OH, and RI. https://politicalsaints.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/225/2016/12/obama_race_top_0.jpg
