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Behavior Therapy: 1st Wave
The 1940's saw a need for an effective short term therapy for anxiety and depression because of returning WWII vets and the major emotional adjustments they were faced with. This practical need for effective short-term therapy coincided with a build up of behavioral research regarding how we "learn" to behave and react emotionally. This combination of events gave birth to the 1st wave of BT. Source: http://bit.ly/1XdMzZO -
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Reaction to Freudian Psychodynamic Paradigm
Behaviour therapy (BT) arose partly as a reaction against the Freudian psychodynamic paradigm that had dominated psychotherapy from the nineteenth century onwards. In the 1950s, Freudian psychoanalysis was questioned by scientific psychology because of the lack of empirical evidence to support either its theory or its effectiveness. Source: http://bit.ly/1Njxy4i -
Classical Conditioning
In the 1950s psychologists began applying behaviorism’s methods of classical conditioning to the modification of maladaptive human behavior (McCraith, 2011, p. 267). Classical conditioning, developed by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, uses systematic desensitization as it primary clinical application. -
Operant Conditioning
In the 1950s psychologists began applying behaviorism’s methods of operant conditioning to the modification of maladaptive human behavior (McCraith, 2011, p. 267). The American psychologist B.F. Skinner developed operant conditioning which considers how rewards and punishments can strengthen or weaken behaviors. -
Cognitive Revolution
There was dissatisfaction with the limitations of a
purely behavioural approach. Mental processes such as thoughts, beliefs, interpretations, imagery and so on, are an obvious part of life and many psychologists wanted to bring them back into the fold. Between 1950s-70s this dissatisfaction grew into the ‘cognitive revolution." Ways were sought to bring cognitive phenomena into psychology and therapy, whilst still trying to maintain an empirical approach. Source: http://bit.ly/1Njxy4i -
Behaviorism in OT Practice
In the 1950s and 1960s, Behaviorism was incorporated in occupational therapy practice (Ikiugu, 2007, p. 180). -
RET: Rational Emotive Therapy
The first discrete, intentionally therapeutic approach to CBT to be developed was Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), which was originated by Albert Ellis, Ph.D. in the mid-1950's. Ellis developed his approach in reaction to his disliking of the in-efficient and in-directive nature of Psychoanalysis. Source: http://bit.ly/1NPjZfX -
Behavioral techniques in OT literature
Records of systematic use of behavioral techniques started appearing in occupational therapy literature in the 1960s (Ikiugu, 2007, p. 180) -
CT: Cognitive Therapy
In the 1960's, Aaron Beck, M.D. developed his approach called Cognitive Therapy. Beck's approach became known for its effective treatment of depression. -
Social Learning Theory
Bandura's early research exposed the limitations of both Freudian and behavioristic theories. He identified social modeling as a powerful process that could influence motivation, learning, and action. It was the basis of his development of social learning theory. A landmark text, Principles of Behavior Modification (1969), laid the theoretical foundation for the emerging field of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Source: http://bit.ly/1KiNrDf -
CBM: Cognitive Behavioral Modification
The 1970s saw behaviorally trained psychologists and educators begin to develop new approaches that focused on acquisition of cognitive and behavioral skills for self-managing psychological and behavior problems. One of these psychologists, Donald Meichenbaum, worked on cognitive behavior modification, a prototype of behaviorally oriented CBT. Cognitive behavior modification focuses on identifying dysfunctional self-talk in order to change unwanted behaviors. (Brown & Stoffel, 2011, p. 268) -
Popularization of CBT
David D. Burns is an adjunct professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine and the author of the best-selling books Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy and The Feeling Good Handbook. Burns popularized Aaron T. Beck's cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) when his book became a best seller during the 1980s. Source: http://bit.ly/1MNQDx8 -
Social Cognitive Theory
In the 1980s Bandura renamed his approach Social Cognitive Theory. A centerpiece is the concept of self-efficacy that has guided his research over the past two decades. Accumulating evidence attests to the vital influence of perceived self-efficacy on motivation, health, achievement, psychological well-being. Bandura's current theorizing and research is focused on the role of symbolic modeling in the social diffusion of values and behavior change. Source: http://bit.ly/1KiNrDf -
REBT: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Ellis developed and popularized the ABC model of emotions, and later modified the model to the A-B-C-D-E approach. In the 1990's Ellis renamed his approach Rational Emotive Behavior Therap which was the first of the modern cognitively oriented theories to gain widespread clinical acceptance (Brown & Stoffel, 2011, p. 269). -
Motor-Learning & CBT
A motor-learning perspective began emerging in CBT that is based on the belief that “practice produces cumulative changes in behavior and with practice a more appropriate representation of action is developed. (Giuffrida, 2003, p. 271)” This gets at a cornerstone of the occupational therapy paradigm: that active involvement of the learner in the learning process is critical. -
COOP: Cognitive Orientation to Occupational Performance
Cognitive Orientation to Occupational Performance (CO-OP), developed by Polatajiko and Mandich (2004), is an example of an occupational therapy children’s program that builds on Meichenbaum and Goodman’s work. It is a four-step strategy to help children work through motor tasks. The steps include:
1. Goal – What do you want to do?
2. Plan – How will you go about doing it?
3. Do – Carry out the plan
4. Check – Did the plan work? Does it need to be modified? -
Evidence for CBT
Roth and Fonagy (2005), in the second edition of "What works for whom?" (their landmark summary of psychotherapy efficacy), report evidence showing that CBT is strongly supported as a therapy for most of the psychological disorders in adults that they studied, Source: http://bit.ly/1Njxy4i -
Recent Developments in CBT
Since about 2000, there has been a burgeoning of therapeutic approaches that push beyond original cognitive theory and extend to include an eclectic combination of theories and influences. Examples of third-wave approaches include mindfulness, meta-cognitive therapy (MCT), compassionate mind training (CMT), and the method of levels (MOL). The extent to which these approaches can be considered third wave is debatable as this suggests something “new” to CBT. Source: http://1.usa.gov/1RQLOmx
