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He objects to vivisection--dissection--because the pain the subject endures would interfere with the accuracy of the results.
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Jeremy Bentham said: "The question is not, can they reason? nor, can they talk?, but, can they suffer?"
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He applied electricity to a dead, dissected, frog's leg muscle caused it to twitch, which led to an appreciation for the relationship between electricity and animation.
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Edward Jenner developed the world's first vaccine.
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The legislation was promoted by Charles Darwin, who wrote to Ray Lankester in March 1871:
You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not sleep to-night." -
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in Great Britain. The name is later changed to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals after it is patronized by Princess Victoria.
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He also said that animals could serve as effective models to facilitate biological understanding in humans.
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The British Parliament passes the Cruelty to Animals Act. Experimenters must apply for licenses every year, and any painful experiments need special permission.
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Louis Pasteur invents vaccines for cholera and rabies while using animals to study infectious diseases. He demonstrated the germ theory (diseases are caused by microorganisms) of medicine by giving anthrax to sheep Anthrax- an acute disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
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He demonstrated immunity against diphtheria (a disease spread by direct physical contact) in animals in 1898 by injecting dipheteria toxin in guinea pigs. Emil von Behring was awarded by Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901.
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Sir Ronald Ross uses pigeons to show how malaria is transmitted. He wins the Nobel Prize for his work.
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Edgar Adrian formulated the theory of neural communication.His work was performed in an isolated frog nerve-muscle preparation. Adrian was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work.
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Otto Loewi provided the first strong evidence that neuronal communication with target cells occurred via chemical synapses. He extracted two hearts from frogs and left them beating in an ionic bath. He stimulated the attached Vagus nerve of the first heart, and observed its beating slowed. When the second heart was placed in the ionic bath of the first, it also slowed.
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Frederick Banting tied up the pancreatic ducts of dogs. He discovered that the isolates of pancreatic secretion could be used to keep dogs with diabetes alive. He followed up these experiments with chemical isolation of insulin in 1922 with John Macleod. These two won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for their discovery of insulin and its treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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In addition, anticoagulants and kidney dialysis, both life-saving treatments, were introduced following animal testing.
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When a woman used Lash Lure mascara to darken her lashes her eyes first burned, then she went blind, and eventually died.
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A pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent. They called the preparation Elixir Sulfanilamide’. DEG was poisonous to humans but the compny wasn`t aware of it. No animal testing was done.
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Jonas Salk experimented on monkeys to find vaccine for the polio virus that affected hundreds of thousands yearly. The vaccine was made publicly available in 1955, and reduced the incidence of polio 15-fold in the USA over the following five years. Polio- spread from person to person via route transmission.
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J.H. Draize develops the Draize Test in which rabbits have test substances dripped into one eye.
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Firts anaesthetic was developed through studies on rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys.
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W.M.S. Russell and R.L. Burch publish The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, which introduces the principle of Refinement, one of the Three Rs. Reduction--use fewer animals in experiments. Replacement--the use of non-animal alternatives over animals whenever possible. Refinement--use techniques to alleviate or minimize the invasive procedures that could potentially cause pain, suffering or distress, and to the enhancement animal welfare for the animals still used.
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David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel demonstrated the macrocolumnar organization of visual areas in cats and monkeys, and provided physiological evidence for the critical period for the development of disparity sensitivity in vision (i.e.: the main cue for depth perception), and were awarded a Nobel Prize for their work.
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Albert Starr carried out eplacement surgery in humans after a series of surgical advances in dogs. He received the Lasker Medical Award in 2007.
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Over the years, as more and more companies began using animals to test the safety of their products, animal protection organizations began to emerge.
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Leprosy antibiotic antibiotic treatments were refined and then tested in human clinical trials. Leprosy is still prevalent in Brazil, Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania, India and Nepal, with over 400,000 cases at the beginning of 2004.
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The decline is primarily due to increased regulations that make it more difficult to gain approval for animal testing. Another reason for the decline is from the introduction of animal testing alternatives where appropriate.
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Henry Spira launches Draize Compaign against rabbit eye irritancy testing and places a full-page advertisement in the New York Times with the header "How many rabbits does Revlon blind for beauty's sake?"
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January: The EU approves a ban on animal testing in the cosmetics industry. The ban takes effect in 2009.
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The European Union has followed suit with an intended [ban on animal testing for cosmetics ](The European Union has followed suit with an intended ban on animal testing for cosmetics to be performed by 2009.)to be performed by 2009.
