-
1500
Pare- war
He was a war surgeon and in this role he used ligatures which he found were more effective at healing wounds. Ligatures are still used in surgery today. -
1500
Pare- luck/chance
By chance, Pare ran out of hot oil to cauterise wounds at the siege of Milan. This meant he mixed eggs, rose oil and turpentine which by chance Pare found to be less painful and more effective at healing wounds. This helped to develop surgery. -
1500
Versalius- communication and training of medics
He published a book on his dissection of humans. He challenged Galen's ideas on the Four Humours and other beliefs about anatomy which were based on the dissection of animals. -
1500
Pare- scientific method and changing attitudes/ ideas
His experimentation and observation led him to realise that ligatures were more effective at healing wounds than cauterisation. Ligatures are still used today -
1500
Pare- anaesthetics/pain relief
Pare ran out of hot oil to cauterise wounds at the siege of Milan. This meant he mixed eggs, rose oil and turpentine which Pare found to be less painful and more effective at healing wounds. This helped to develop surgery as it provided pain relief for patients. -
1500
Pare- surgery/ anatomy
He developed his skills as an army surgeon. He developed ligatures as a more effective way of healing wounds (often caused by amputation) rather than cauterisation. Ligatures are still used in surgery today. -
1500
Pare- communication and training of medics
He published a book on surgery and his use of ligatures which was widely read across Europe -
1500
Versalius - scientific method and changing attitudes/ ideas
His experiments with dissecting human bodies helped to progress the understanding of human anatomy and to disprove Galen's ideas which were based on the dissection of animals. -
Period: 1500 to
Quacks/Quackery- treating disease and illness
Quacks were a hinderance to treatments as what they sold was useless e.g.
1.Daffy's elixir-sold by a clergymen from Leicestershire with no medical training. He claimed it treated colic, fits, worms and kidney stones. Main ingredients: brandy, ainseed, raisins, rhubarb, saffron and liquorice. It did not cure these illnesses
2.Turlington's Balsam of Life-which contained alcohol, ammonia and essential oils also claimed to cure colic and kidney stones although it was useless as he had no training -
Period: 1500 to
Wise Women, Culpepper and Herbal Remedies- treating disease and illness
But despite progress made by Sydenham in treating diseases in the 1600s, many people continued to rely on wise women and monks who used herbal treatments including new ingredients from the new world such as rhubarb and tobacco. -
Period: 1500 to
Quacks/Quackery- training of medics
Quacks were a hinderance to treatments as what they sold was useless e.g.
1.Daffy's elixir-sold by a clergymen from Leicestershire with no medical training. He claimed it treated colic, fits, worms and kidney stones. Main ingredients: brandy, ainseed, raisins, rhubarb, saffron and liquorice. It did not cure these illnesses.
2.Turlington's Balsam of Life-which contained alcohol, ammonia and essential oils also claimed to cure colic and kidney stones although it was useless as he had no training. -
Period: 1500 to
Apprentices such as Culpepper
But despite progress made in training medics through teachers such as Hunter and organisations such as the Royal College of Physicians, many physicians continued to train through apprenticeships which continued from the Middle Ages. For example, in the 1700s Culpepper undertook a 7 year apprenticeship to train at an apothecary in herbal remedies. -
Harvey- impact of the government
His ideas about the heart being a pump which circulated blood in one direction around the human body became more popular as Harvey was the physician to both King James I and King Charles I. This meant that his ideas appeared to be supported by the kings and become more well known. -
Sydenham- scientific method
His observation of patients made him believe that each disease had different characteristics and treatments. For example, he developed a 'cold therapy' for smallpox. -
Sydenham- treating disease and illness
His observation of patients made him believe that each disease had different characteristics and treatments. For example he developed 'cold therapy' for smallpox. This work was important for changing attitudes against thinking that disease was the fault of the person who was ill. -
Sydenham- training of medics
He was a member of the Royal College of Physicians which was established in 1600. This college gave more training to physicians and licensed physicians such as Sydenham. The college also allowed physicians to communicate theirs ideas with each other, e.g. Sydenham communicated his ideas that each disease had its own characteristics (symptoms) and treatments. -
Lady Johanna St John- treating disease and illness
Lady Johanna St John compiled a recipe book of cures and grew the herbs for her remedies in her garden. One cure was a powder made of oven dried vinegar which was sniffed to stop a nose bleed -
Harvey- surgery/ anatomy
His understanding of anatomy allowed for progress in surgery. For example, he experimented on cold blooded amphibians to show that the heart pumped blood one way around the human body. He disproved Galen's idea that the liver was the centre of the human body -
Harvey- hospitals
He was a surgeon at St Barts hospital and in this role he was able to practise many innovations (the scientific method) on lots of patients. For example, he experimented on cold blooded amphibians and humans to show the blood pumped one way around the body. This allowed for progress in surgery. -
Harvey- communication and training of medics
He published a book called "on the motion of the heart" in which he explained that the heart pumped blood around the body one way. He disproved Galen's idea that the liver was the centre of the body. Some surgeons at the time accepted Harvey's ideas- progress. But other surgeons did not accept his ideas- no progress. This explains why Harvey's book was so important so that surgeons/ physicians in the future could learn about his ideas and progress in anatomy and surgery could be made. -
Harvey- scientific method and changing attitudes/ ideas
His experiments on cold blooded amphibians showed that the heart pumped blood one way around the human body. He disproved Galen's ideas about the Four Humours, which allowed for progress in surgery. -
Sydenham- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
His observation of patients made him believe that each disease had different characteristics and treatments. This work was important for changing attitudes against thinking that disease was the fault of the person who was ill. This new attitude encouraged the idea that interventions should be made to help someone was was ill. -
Nicholas Culpepper- treating disease and illness
He published a book on herbal remedies in 1653 titled the "Complete Herbal". He classified herbs by their uses which was progress but he also still used astronomy to treat his patients (continued) -
King Charles II and the Mayor of London- public health
Some people noticed that there were more plague victims in the dirtier parts of London and so were beginning to make the links between dirt and disease. This led King Charles II and the Mayor of London to introduce a series of limited public health measures to try to prevent the spread of the plague. This included keeping pigs and other animals outside of the city of London and cleaning rubbish from the streets. -
King Charles II and the Mayor of London- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
Some people noticed that there was more plague victims in the dirtier parts of London and so were beginning to make the links between dirt and disease. This led King Charles II and the Mayor of London to introduce a series of limited public health measures to try to prevent the spread of the plague. This included keeping pigs and other animals outside the city of London and cleaning rubbish from the streets. -
Jenner- communication
He published a report on his smallpox vaccination which encouraged the government to give him grants worth £30,000 to develop his work -
Harvey- war
He was a war surgeon who worked on gunshot wounds. Through this work he realised the importance of keeping wounds as small as possible during surgery as this helped the wound to heal more effectively. This led to the development of keyhole surgery in the 1900s. -
Jenner- impact of the government
The government gave him grants of £30,000 to develop his smallpox vaccination. In the longer term after Jenner's death the government took actions to allow the smallpox vaccination to improve public health by eradicating smallpox by 1980. -
Jenner- scientific method
Jenner observed that milkmaids who did had already had cowpox did not catch smallpox. This led Jenner to experiment with injecting cowpox puss into a nine year old boy called James Phipps, who had had neither smallpox nor cowpox. Jenner then gave the boy a dose of smallpox but he did not develop the disease. This was because the cowpox vaccination had made James immune to smallpox. Jenner had invented (innovated) a vaccination to prevent people from getting smallpox. -
Jenner- treating disease and illness
Jenner invented (innovated) a vaccination to prevent people from getting smallpox. This was because he had observed that milkmaids who had already had cowpox did not catch smallpox. The vaccine injected puss from cowpox into the patient which made the patient immune to smallpox. -
Hunter- surgery/ anatomy
His work with gunshot wounds as an army surgeon during the Seven Years War showed that during surgery, wounds should not be made any bigger than necessary. This helped the wound to heal more effectively. This led to the development of keyhole surgery in the 1900s. -
Jenner- public health
The government gave him grants of £30,000 to develop his smallpox vaccination. In the longer term after Jenner's death the government took the actions to allow the smallpox vaccination to be used to improve public health by eradicating smallpox by 1980. These included: the vaccination becoming free for children in 1840, the vaccination becoming compulsory for children in 1853 and parents being fined if they did not give their child the vaccine in 1871. -
Hunter- hospitals
He was a surgeon at St George's hospital. Here he was able to experiment and innovate (the scientific method) to develop the idea that surgical wounds should be kept as small as possible to allow for more effective healing. This was important for later developments in keyhole surgery in the 1900s. -
Jenner- changing attitudes/ideas about intervention
The government gave him grants of £30,000 to develop his smallpox vaccination. In the longer term after Jenner's death the government took actions to allow the smallpox vaccination to be used to improve public health by eradicating smallpox by 1980. These were making it free for children in 1840, making it compulsory for children in 1853, and fining parents if they did not give their child the vaccine in 1871. -
Hunter- training of medics
He was most famous as a teacher of anatomy and he taught many of the best surgeons and physicians of the time, including Edward Jenner. -
Coram- hospitals
He spent over 10 years collecting funds to build the Foundling Hospital in London in 1741, which looked after abandoned children. -
When Jenner is dead- government action for vaccine
The smallpox vaccination was made free for children -
When Jenner is dead- government action for vaccine
The vaccination was made free for children -
When Jenner is dead- government action for vaccine
The parents are fined if they did not give their children the vaccine