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Period: to
Module 5-7
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Responcible Government- different parties
Moderate
Liberal-Conservatives led by John A. Macdonald(West) and Georges-Etienne Cartier(East)
Radicals
Canada East:Parti Rouge led by Dorion (Focused on French, wanted to end tithe and make the gov’t in charge of schools)
Canada West:
Clear Grits led by Brown(Wanted to expand the prov. Wanted the governor and legis. council to be elected, also wanted proportional representation…number on reps relative to pop.) -
Uniting Canada-Governments
Forms of Government:
Unitary State: One gov controls whole country ( France)
Federal State: Central gov’t deals with matters effecting whole country, states/prov. deal with local matters (USA) -
Uniting Canada- Reasons
- Maritime provinces wanted to unite
- Scared of Manifest Destiny: Americans thought they can take over the land (even canada)
- Reciprocity Treaty was coming to an end, and Americans would not renew it
- Timber Trade was dropping, demand for iron
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1st Conference- Charlettown Conference
Leaders of Canada East/West meet with the leaders of three Maritime Provinces (NB,NS,PEI), they left the meetings agreeing to consider a merger. -
2nd Conference- Quebec City
Same members of last time (+ Nfld.) They agreed on 72 resolutions that would make the merger possible…
A federal system
24 seats to each colony (total 72 seats)(C.E have 24, C.W have 24, Maritimes have 24 seats)
Assembly elected by “rep by pop”
Build a railway between colonies The conferences went well but the people weren’t so accepting of what their politicians were moving towards.
-Nfld, and PEI withdrew-don’t want to pay for railway since there on an island and useless
-Dorion’s Parti Ro -
3rd Conference - London
Leaders of the 4 colonies meet to make arrangement to release from the British Empire to become a new “self-governing” colony. THE DOMINION OF CANADA! With its capital of Ottawa was created under the British North America Act. Passed on March 29, came into existence in Canada on July 1st 1867.Containing 4 Prov. (ONT, QC, NB, NS)
-The other Prov’s would join between 1870 and 1949. -
Federal + Provincial Responcibility
SECTION 91 (Federal) :defense, banking and money, postal service,hospitals
SECTION 92 (Provincial): education (section 93),municipal institutions, criminal law -
Changes tot the Constitution since 1867
1931-Statute of Westminster: Gave Fed. Gov’t powers over Foreign Affairs 1980-Pierre Elliott Trudeau wants to give Canada the power amend the constitution without English permission. 1982-Constitution Act did just that and was passed in April 1982, plus a Charter of Rights and Freedoms to protect indiv. liberties.
It was passed with the approval of most provinces. -
Imperialism and Nationalism
Imperialism – loyalties to Britain (mother country)
Nationalism – loyalties to Canada -
How the Governemtn Functions
Queen and General have symbolic power only
They have a democracy
Three levels of government: Municipal, Provincial, Federal, and each have 3 tyoes of function
1. executive: administration, held cabinet
2. legislative: makes laws, imposes taxes, power held by federal government
3. Juducial: ensure laws are applied Judges are appointed by the cabinet for life. (federal) -
National Policy
The federal government needed to unify these different provinces.
John A. Macdonald (Conservative Party) formed a plan to promote national unity (formulated in 1878).
Three Main Points:
-Increase Custom Duties: Protect/Promote Canadian Industries by ensuring Canadians bought Canadian goods.
-Build Railways: The Canadian Pacific Railway was to run coast to coast, unify people, increase trade.
-Encourage Immigration: Especially in Western Canada, bigger population = bigger market. -
First Phase of Industrialization
Skilled craftsmen using costly/time consuming methods Factories, first assembly lines, more efficient, boring work. -
Imperialism and Nationalism
Imperialism – loyalties to Britain (mother country)
Nationalism – loyalties to Canada -
Population Changes
National Policy favored immigration
-Que. Birth rate remains very high, however people kept leaving Que. (Farms still over crowded)
-People were moving to urban centers, new unskilled labor demands
-Better jobs in the USA, Ont, Western Cdn. so people are leaving
-Church encouraged people to populate new areas these people had a tough time, cold temp., no support. -
World War One (1914-1918)
- Conscription: forced french to join world war 1 with english
- Women: placed mens vote and worked men job, first approch to womens rights
- Canada gets involved in the peace talks 1919 at Versailles, also recognized independently when the League of Nations are formed.
- Statute of Westminster (1931) (grants Canada more freedoms)
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The Great Depression- What Happened
People were buying shares in companies on borrowed money, when debts were called in the stocks plummeted!
“Black Thursday”-Stocks dropped below zero, people were ruined, many committed suicide.
-The boom that had occurred as a result of the first world war came to an abrupt end, the 1930’s are characterized as the
-Most sectors of the economy were hit hard (Wheat Farmers esp., made worse by drought/plague of insects)
-Massive lay offs
-Families bought as little as possible -
Government Solution- Great Depression
-Direct Aid
-Farming
- Public Works
- Work Camps -
Government Solution- The Great Depression
- Direct Aid -Public Works
- Encouraged farming
- Work Camps
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Capitalism
the belief that the market should rely only on free competition, demand/supply should set the prices of good/services. These goods/services should be privately owned and the government should not interfere. (USA,CANADA) -
Quiet Revolution
social, economic and political reform
Main Features:
-Companies became government-owned (hydro canada) (econominc)
- Caught up with countries educational system (parent commities,MEQ was created, free public schools until 16)
- Weaken influence of the Church to end Quebec isolation -
Bills
Bill 63- Official Language Act
BIll 101- Onlly french signs were allowed in public spaces, and only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to an english school
Bill 178 and 86- english trying to fiight back -
Changes in Quebec
from rural jobs to modernized jobs -
Office de la Langue Francaise
created to promote the French language -
Renee Levesque
quits the liberal party and forms the PQ (Parti Quebecois) -
October Crisis
started when the FLQ kidnapped James Cross andd Pierre Laporte
Prime MInister Trudeau used the War Measure Act -
Referrendum
Fedirlists want Quebec to stay
Seperatist wanrt Quebec to be independent
They had different cultural beliefs andoppressive struggle
Levesque held a refferndum, and 60% said no -
Constitution Act and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms
created this to ensure full independence from Great Britain
Quebec still has not signed -
Meech Lake Accord
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Charlettetown Agreement
tried to include recognition to aborigional and quebec rights
