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Period: 1469 to 1536
Desiderius Erasmus
Wrote "Praise of Folly" in 1509, criticizing those who committed obsessive acts in hopes they would go to Heaven. Best known Christian humanist. Viewed religion as the "philosophy of Christ". Thought indulgences were not that important. -
Period: 1480 to 1526
Martin Luther
Began Reformation in early 1500s, monk and prof. at the Uni of Wittenberg, Germany, lecturing the Bible. Discovered a solution to salvation -- humans are not saved by good works, but through faith in God (believed in a medieval of God), politically conservative, religiously liberal. Believed the Bible -- only source of religious truth. Published Ninety-five Theses on October 31, 1517, angering the Church. Wanted German princes to overthrow German papacy and established a reformed German church -
Period: 1484 to 1531
Ulrich Zwingli
Native to Zurich, agrees with Luther on everything (esp. doct. of faith). Puritan church design -- simple, wants you to focus on God and read the Bible. One disagreement w/ Luther -- believes Communion (sacrament, Lord's Supper) is figurative and symbolic, while Luther believes it is truly the body and blood of Christ according to the Bible. States "after Resurrection, Christ is seated next to the Father", Luther opposes and says "God is omnipresent (all places at once)". Not conj. church aft. -
Period: 1491 to 1547
Henry VIII
Wished to annul from his marriage with Catherine of Aragon (Hapsburg), but popes did not as she was from Hapsburg, so he sought ___ -
Period: 1500 to 1556
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor, wanted to keep his empire under the control of his Hapsburgs dynasty and keep it Catholic. Conflicts weakened him, strengthened Lutheranism. German rulers supported Luther, and by the time Charles brought military forces to Germany, the Lutheran princes were well organized. Charles -- unable to defeat them, so he sought peace (Peace of Augsburg) -
Period: 1509 to 1564
John Calvin
Converted to Protestantism, forces to flee to Catholic France for Switzerland's safety. Published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" in 1536, which was a summary of Protestant thought, also giving Calvin the status of one of the new leaders of Protestantism. Believed in the doctrine of justification by faith to achieve salvation, emphasizing the all power nature of God "Power, grace, and glory of God". Calvinism -- replaced Lutheranism as the most important/dynamic form of Protestantism -
1517
Ninety-five Theses
Written by Martin Luther, attacking the abuses in selling indulgences. -
1521
Edict of Worms
Declared Martin Luther an outlaw of the empire, with his works to be burned/