-
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Black Slavery
People from America ended up going across the Atlantic to Africa, where Mainfest Destiny came into play. People in Africa were poor, since Africa had no resources and no way to make money. The Americans presented them with the false illusion of a better life in America, and so they came. Those who saw through their facade were either killed or forced to come along anyways, because the Americans had guns and the Africans did not. -
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Black Slavery 2
The men were put to work in cotton fields, one of the most gruelling and tiring jobs for back then. Before, they'd have to pay hundreds (also a lot for back then) of dollars to get White people to do it, now they got the Black people to do it for free. The Black Women became common house servants, catering to every need of the Mr. and Mrs. of the household.
The Southern part of America was where they benifited most from the Black slavery. -
Creation of HBC
King Charles II granted HBC monopoly on all the area around Hudson's Bay. This territory was called Rupert's Land and settlers were forbidden to colonize here. Forts were built for trading. -
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HBC controlled Rupert's Land.
And from 1783- 1821, fur trade was booming, mostly because it became the fashion for all men to have a fur hat. However, people not working for the HBC were jobless so they created the Northwest company, based in Montreal. HBC was the biggest, but there was still competitions and plenty of rivalry between the two companies. More of the west got explored in search of fur. Conflicts included the Metis and settlers in the Red River settlement at Seven Oaks. -
End of Seven Year War
This war was for declaring the land on the Atlantic coast. Many of the battles were fought in North America. Britain, under General James Wolfe defeated France, under General Montcalm. -
Treaty of Paris
The treaty was signed for the 7 Year War and France was able to keep two small islands off the cost of Newfoundland. These islands still exist today. -
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British Colonial Rule
Britain occupied the area around the Great Lakes. (Indian Reserve around Lake Michigan and the 13 xolonies were on the Atlantic side of the Great Lakes. Spain occupied what is now the US, and Russia occupied Alaska. The rest was unclaimed. -
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Lord Selkirk 2 (background info on the Metis)
Metis were largely employed by NWC and didn't like that
METIS
-group of people of both European and Native descent
- they respected all three cultures
- created their own religion, a mix of Native and European pracgtices
- Fur trade and the buffalo hunt were important to their society
- they worked for both the NWC and HBC in trading posts
- those who weren't traders farmed -
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Lord Selkirk
-was a scittish noble, earl of selkirk
-wanted to help crofters who had been forced off rented farms (crofter= scottish farmer, forced off lanf cause sheep farms more profitable than plants)
-British government denied him grant in Red River Valley
- he bought shares of HBC to gain control of it
- finally owned 300, 000 km2 of land (included red and assiniboine rivers) and named his land assiniboia
- Selkirk wanted to stop NWC for competing 1/ HBC w/ furs, but the Metis living in Assiniboia... -
Quebec Act
The British Government passed the Quebec Act, allowing Canadiens to maintain their French character. This was passed in hopes of gaining the loyalty of the Quebecois, thus creating a stronger and more prosperous colony, Also, it allowed them to gain rich fur if they had the Quebecois' alliance. AND, there was a direct ship route to Britain from Quebec, whereas it was longer from other places in British North America. -
Royal PRoclamtion- First Nations
The First Nations were given an Indian Reserve to stay on, in hopes that they would adopt the same culture as the British. Assimilation was used here too.
Negotiatiosn are shown in picture. -
The Royal Proclamation
Many French speakers resided in Quebec, which had been won in the war, so they were told to follow British culture. The British Government used assimilation by enforcing laws, customs, and the English language on the people of Quebec. It was believed that, in time, being immersed in the British culture would cause the French to adopt the same way of doing things, thus the Royal Proclamation. -
End of American Revolutionary War
There were no more 13 colonies, but new colonies were added to Newfoundland, St John Island, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. -
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Loius Joseph Papineau
His father was a seigneur, so he was already a respected member of society. He studied to be a lawyer, but got sidetracked by politics where he succeeded greatly. He was elected into the Legislative Assemble in 1809, and travelled to London to ask the British Government for Responsible Government (a government where the voters control everything instead of th family compact), but his trip was not a success. He eventually was banished from Canada, and fled to the US, then to France. -
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Louis Joseph Papineau 2
In 1846, he returned to Canada. But the reason he was upset with the government was because the French were becoming a minority as more and more British settlers, encouraged by the government, occupied land meant for the French! To top it all off, these immigrants had Cholera, a disease caused by bad water similar to E. Coli!
The E. Coli killed thousands of Canadiens. No wonder Papineau was upset, and so he became the leader of the Patriotes, today the Bloc Quebecois. -
Constitutional Act
It separated Upper and Lower Canada. There was to be a separate lieutenant governor for each Canada. Lower Canada could be freehold (owned) or seignerial (rented from Crown & land lord). No one could move into the First Nation's territory. Catholics in all religions must pay tithe to chirch and church had 1/7 of all land. Legislative assembly to pass laws in each Canada. Voters (men who own property) can vote for reps who can suggest but not pass laws. That was reserved for the legislative ... -
Constitutional Act 2
The legislative council (one/ Canada), who could pass laws, was appointed by the lieutenant governor (appointed by governr, who was appinted by monarch), one per Canada. The picture shows the reading of the Constitutional Act. -
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William Lyon Mackenzie
As a newspaper editor, he wrote many articles about the government, all of which were not necessarily for the benefit of the people working there. Of course, the government didn't like him at all, but he had plenty of valid concers, such as:
-government spending was creating huge debt for taxpayers like him to pay.
-the government was giving the best properties to the family compact and churches instead of the public
-plenty of people were starving and the government apparently didn't care -
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William Lyon MAckenzie 2
Writing in his newspaper was only angering the government, though. Mackenzie decided furthr action had to be taken.
So he voiced his opinion publicly several times, gaining followers. Eventually, so many people supported him that he was elected into the Legislative Assembly, where he did his best to change the watys of Canada into something more democratical. -
Abolitionists
The Americans of the North decided they wanted to get rid of slavery, so they were called Abolitionists. They heard that Canada has no slavery, so they begin sneaking North through the Underground Railway (a series of safe houses created by white people to hide Blacks going North.) A picture of a popular slogan "Am I not a man and brother?" is shown. -
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Industrial Revolution
Machine over muscle
factories over farming
made trade easier
governemnt thought canals were important because of progeression of ~ -
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Joseph Howe
He represented the Atlantic Coast od Canada, and was also running a newspaper, callled the Novascotian. However, he preferred a reform instead of full-out armed revolution like MAckenzie. He was sent to court because of a letter published in his papers, but talking to the judge for six hours straight convinced the jurors to let him off. He was also voted into the Legislative Assembly, where he worked hard for the same goal as MAckenzie. -
Selkirk's Settlers 1
Lord Selkirk is the pic
- the first froup arrived in York factory in winter
- it was very difficult and the conditions were harsh
- In spring, the journeyed to the red river valley
- arrived in august; too late to plant crops
- survived the second winter due to help from FN and Metis -
Rest of war of 1812
and so on. moing one step forward each time. This was called Rules of Engagement. Modern warfare is much more similar to the Natives' style of fighting.
The reason the NAtives joined with us was because they had suffered much racism at the hands of the Americans, and so now they wanted revenge. Unable to gain it by themselves, they allied with Great Britain because now they had a common enemy. Also, Sir Isaac Brock, a British Army Officer, showed the Natives respect and won them over to help. -
Reason Why the US wanted to fight Great Britain in the war of 1812
7 Year War Tax Agreement: No taxes whatsoever. The people are happy. Great Britain loses money because of the war. They charge taxes. People are not happy. US used the animosity between the Canadians and Britain to try to take over, thinking Canada would be glad to join them. They were wrong.
Britain has Manifest Destiny: assumption that one is better and that it is their right to take over. -
Natives of the War of 1812
Cheif Tecumseh angered the US because he was trying to expand Native Land, and so he allied with Canada in the war of 1812. 600 Natives fought along Brock (for back then, 600 was quite a bit) and they got guns from Canadians. making their fighting skills that much more deadly. -
Effects of the War of 1812 on Canadians
American immigration was discouraged while immigration from Great Britain was encouraged, leading the Great Migration of 1815.
There was a sense of pride and unity between upper and lower canada -they had not lost to a country that was bigger than them, but only because they'd worked together.
First Nation people assimilated.
The Fur Trade continued to great success.
The Americans now respected Canada. -
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War of 1812
War between USA and Great Britain. Major battles were fought in Upper and Lower Canada. There was no clear winner, though the Americans will say they let us win so we could "feel good about ourselves" or something. There was no winner because though the Americans outnumbered us, we had the NAtive's and their style of fighting. (They would camoflauge themselves and shoot the enemy while hidden, while the US would stand in a straight line and shoot, kneel, next line shoots, they kneel, next line.. -
Selkirk's Second Setllers (SSS lol)
Endured hardships like first group
- Assiniboia was granted to HBC
- was in middle of territory owned by HBC
- NWC thought HBC was trying to block supplies
- Metis & FN feared HBC was going to interfere w/ buffalo hunt
- NWC scared that food be scarce if Metis no hunt
- Metis had no legal title/ right to the land evven though they had been farming it for generations
- they were sure they'd lose it to the settlers because they had the legal title.
Pic= lord selkirks land grant being read -
Pemmican Proclamation
stated that no food could be taken from Assinibois w/out license
- affected Metis because their pemmican was a lrage source of income
- felt that governor had no right to passs such laws
- Started to take an active role to try to drive the settlers out
- destroyed settlers' crops
- Attacked Fort Douglas
Pic= pemmican
- settlers fled from Red River Area -
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George- Etienne Cartier
Cartier- lawyer from montreal who entered leg. in 1848
- when rep by pop became a major issue, he became a major enemy of the proposal
- Canadiens were already a minority in the UPC because not all Canada East citizens were French and Canada West was all-English. English canada would ise its increased powers to push through laws harmful to Candadiens, which Candaiens would nvr agree to. Cartier and Brown were bitter political enemies. -
The Great Migration
Many people came from Great Britain, mostly Irish. This was because of a disease in their potato crops, called Blight, leading to poverty and famine, so the Irish migrated to Canada in hopes of restarting their potato crops in better soil. Lucky for them, PEI had excellent soil for potatoes.
To get to Canada, they would get into "timber ships" which could carry many people at a time, but weren't very comfortable or even disease-free.
Pic= a bunch of settlers coming during the great migration. -
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Three Angry Men
William Lyon Mackenzie, Joseph Howe and Louis-Joseph Papineau were three men who strongly opposed the government system. While Mackenzie created libels in his newspaper and Papineau wanted Quebec to become its own country, Howe had less violent methods of reform. For each person, refer to their own event on this timeline. The thing all three had in common was that they wanted change. -
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Political Rebellions
The government was oligarchy, or all power resided only within the family compact, as Mackenzie called it. The people wanted responsible government. Britain was not ready to oblige.
The family compact made all their decisions based on what Britain did.
The family compact was how one person gave all the positions of power to his friends and family. So whenever there was a vote, the person could count on support from the rest of the family compact, -
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Political Rebellions 2
Britain supported the system; they felt that if too much freedom was given, Canada would revolt to create their own country and/ or join the States.
The system was as follows:
British Government (appoints)
Governor (appoints)
2 Lieutenant Governors {one for Upper Canada and one for Lower} (appoints)
Executive Council {one for each Canada} (controls) Legislative Council {also one per Canada}
Political Barrier (separates)
Legislative Assembly {1/Canada} (elected by)
Voters -
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John A. MacDonald
MacDonald
- lawyer from Kingston who had gained a rep for fairness and political skill
- entered legislature in 1844
- MAcDonald realized problem b/w Cartier and Brown
- realized what Cartier wanted was to ensure protection for Canadiens, their language, and their customs, not to preserve the system. Macdonald eventually got a solution that made both happy. -
Seven Oaks
- metis met governor and his men near a bunch of trees called 7oaks -afterwards, remaining settlers abandoned settlement
- meeting turned violent. 1 Metis, 20 settlers died.
- Affected Metis for worse (see de Meurons) Picture shows the battle of the 7 oaks.
-
de Meurons
Lord Selkirk brought an army of swiss/ german soldiers to regain control
many settlers returned, especially after NWC and HBC united
The picture shows a de meuron soldier -
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George Brown
http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQeWg-73UhTqsG3tEbwGbewcjIJaMbq9QihQK510iC9quDIIMYadg
"The leading supporter of rep by pop was GB. As owner og Globe, Toronto's largest newspaper, he used its pages to write articles about the issue. In 1851, he entered politics, becoming a rep for the Toronto area in the leg. He made fiert sppeches there for rep by pop." -
End of the Northwest Company
The Northwest Company wasn't making enough and the rivalry was unbearable. So, the two joined into the HBC. (as Ms. Boehlke said, "both compaines came to an agreement and amalgated to become the Hudson's Bay Co.")
The picture shows several Metis at a trading post. -
Lachine Canal
built to bypass the rapids in the St. Lawrence -
Welland Canal
bypassed Niagara -
92 Resolutions
The 92 Reolutions can be summed up into 4 major points:
1) Making the Legislative Council elected by voters
2) The Executive Council must ask the Legislative Council's opinion before doing anything
3) Abolish the seigneurial system into freehold (land had to be privat property instead of owned by Britain, can be leased, worked on, lived on, but not owned some and completely owned others)
4) Lower Canada should be able to control its own taxes instead of the British Government -
Russell Resolutions
These were a response to the 92 Resolutions. Ultimately, they were just a polite way of declining everything.
The answers were:
1) "It is unadvisable to make the Legislative Council an elected body, but we should look for ways of making it closer to the people"
2) "The British government should improve the membership of the Executive Council, but it is unadvisable to make it responsible to the Legislative Council"
3) "It would be beneficial to do this at some time in the future."
4) "The Crown { -
Russell Resolutions 2
the British king and queen} is prepared to do this. But the legislature must grant the Crown an annual allowance for maintaining the justice system and paying government employees.”
Quotes are from the Pearson Grade 7 History Textbook. -
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Jerry Potts
To see image of Potts: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/JerryPotts.jpg/250px-JerryPotts.jpg
He was a guide a translator for the MWMP. His father was a clerk for the American Fur Co. and his mother had Metis background. He led the MWMP to Fort Whoop-up. Many saw him as a man with supernaturla powers. He was never once injured in battle, and whether this was because of the cat skin he wore under hsis shirt (cats have 9 lives) or not remains to be seen. -
Durham Report
He recommended uniting the 2 Canadas and granting elected (or responsible) government to the British North American Colonies into the province of Canada. The new system would have equal representaion from Canada East and Canada West.
Responsible Government= when members of the Executive \CVouncil were chosen from the group with the most elected members in the Legislative Assembly, rather than appointed by the governor. -
Creation of the UPC
More elaborate info
Canada East and West united into the UPC. for more info, see the link above.
The UPC was created because of the reccomendation of Lord Durham. He reccommended uniting the 2 Canadas and granting the 2 canadas responsible government to end the rebellions. -
A loan was given to build more canals
~
picture is of a canal in the 1840s -
Period: to
Thomas Scott
(Irish protestant) imprisoned after attack on Fort Garry. Became symbol of opposition aginst Metis. Was a bigot (racist)
- captured, put on trial for disobedience towards law and escapes
- convicted of treason
- executed by firing squad in 1870 -
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Louis Riel
he emerged as the leader of the Metis even though he was white. He had recieved prestigious education as a priest in Montreal and was a very persuasive speaker. He heloed set up the Metis National Committe, whose purtpose was to determine the future of the Metis. He negotiated with the government on behalf of the MNC. Riel was the secretary of it, and Bruce was the president. -
Losses of the Rebellions
Canada West was granted repayment for all losses incured during the rebellion. Canada East wanted the same, but the Britain obviously didn't want to cough up the money. Continued conflict lead to eventual repayment and responsible government. There was plenty of debate between the former rebels and those who had to pay money. People like the Tories became angered, until 1850, where there was a political deadlock and nothing was able to be done. Representation by population changed to (go to 2) -
Effects of the Rebellions (continuation of Losses of the Rebellions)
representation by population, and so they came out of the deadlock and moved forward. Then the reformers wanted to end patrnage -control; of land granting by officials -(said Ms Boehlke). In PEI, people were discontent with the seigneural system (land can be rented but not owned) and wanted to change it all to freehold (land can be either rented or owned) and they were granted this; the British hadn't liked the seigneural system much in the first place. -
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Sam Steele
The Natives saw him as an honest White man, especially because he had Metis background. He was present at major events of the Northwest Rebellion and he took part in the march west, where the military took small groups of settlers west to setlle. He negotiated a bunch of treaties with the First Nations and maintained order during the building of the CPR and he was the commanding officer during the Klondike Gold Rush. His force was put around the mountains to stop people from coming and ... -
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Sam Steele 2
...and stealing from te settlers. these people started coming via Manitoba inastead. PS Ms B if you wonder why I split things like this into 2, it's because it won't let me make it longer than a certain amount so I just make a second one. -
Fugitive Slave Act
"Anyone who knew the wherabouts or helped out in hiding Blacks would face severe punishment."
Now, the Underground Railway was illegal and hiding in the North parts of America was no longer safe. It became that much more important and dangerous to get across to Canada, but the Balck people still tried.
They would go to Dresden Ontario, a huge settlement for Black people that was running off donations by the people of Canada and some American Abolitionists. There was free schools and housing. -
Grand Trunk Railway co. opened
began creating the Grand Trunk aka Intercolonial Railway
went from Riviere du Loup in the East to Sarnia in the West. Expansion stopped because of bankruptcy.
Created to stop American invasion; much easier to load troops on train than to have them walk that distance.
Picture= train on the CPR -
St LAwrence and Atlantic Railway
was 1st longer railway
caused change of indutries (all railways, not just this one)
PRIMARY- business that produce/ extract natural resources
SECONDARY- business that manufactures goods (factories)
TERTIARY- business that produces services (eg transportation) -
Fraser Gold Rush
Gold was found in the Fraser River, so many people moved there (see man in picture). They built farms, orchards, cattle ranches along Okanagan Valley. Sawmills produced lumber for houses and saloons. the First NAtion's rights were ignored and their lands damaged. It was easy to connect a railway to cities in the US, and MacDonald feared the US would use this as an excuse to invade. In 1871 BC became the 6th province. -
Ottawa becomes UPC's cppital
Ottawa was chosen because 1) its position was much more defensible than the current capital, York (or Toronto) 2) it was easy to transport things via Ottawa River 3) it was midway between York and Quebec city, so neither could fell it had been cheated (Quebec city wanted to become the capital) 4) Ottawa had a small pop., so if there were revolts or protests, not that much damage could be done. -
Why NB joined Confederation 3
most British people regarded Canada as a financial burden and they felt that if Canada were to become its own country, then the burden wood b lifted.
3) CANCELLATION OF THE RECIPROCITY TREATY
In the US, people decided that free trade through the Reciprocity Treaty wouldn’t continue any longer. This was because Britain and its colonies had supported the South side of America during the Civil War, but the North side had won. They did not like having free trade with an ally of their enemy, so th -
US buys Alaska
BNA feared that buyiing Alaska meant that US wanted control over all of America and might try to take over the territories. -
CONFEDERATION!!!!! (NB)
NB, NS, and UPC joined together to become Canada. NB joined because 1) FENIAN RAIDS:
These were the attacks by Irish people who wanted independence from Britain. They did not like being ruled by a different country, especially one who had done nothing to help them when the Great Famine had happened. The Fenian Brotherhood was a group that tried to gain this independence, and so they would attack Canada from their hideouts in America. Since these attacks were American, and since they were cons -
Why NB joined CONFEDERATION 2
constant, and happening mostly along the Maritime provinces, New Brunswick felt threatened and would much appreciate the more powerful defence Confederation would bring.
2) GREAT BRITAIN’S SUPPORT
In 1865, Britain announced that it supported Confederation. This made all the Loyalists who had come from America so as to not severe their ties with Britain happy. A part of Confederation was that ties to Britain and its Monarch would remain. The reason Britain supported Confederation was because -
Why NB joined Confederation 4
They did not like having free trade with an ally of their enemy, so they cancelled the treaty. The people of New Brunswick depended on trade for their economy, and when the treaty was cancelled, they didn’t have a guaranteed market because of the cheaper prices brought on by a lack of tariffs any more. They needed a replacement, and so they realized that if they joined Confederation, they could trade freely with all the other colonies. Their market would be re-established, and the economy would -
Why Nb joined Confed 5
continue to boom. 4) RAILROAD CONSTRUCTION New Brunswick was a collection of towns scattered across it, with little or no means of getting to each other. There were mostly forested areas in between them, and they didn’t have enough money to get rid of it to create a path. One condition of joining Confederation was that a railroad would be built. If this railroad was built, it would clear up the forested areas and create a means of transport between each town in New Brunswick. Also, plenty -
Why NB joined Confederation 6
other. There were mostly forested areas in between them, and they didn’t have enough money to get rid of it to create a path. One condition of joining Confederation was that a railroad would be built. If this railroad was built, it would clear up the forested areas and create a means of transport between each town in New Brunswick. Also, plenty of people in New Brunswick were unemployed at this time, and the railroad construction would create jobs for them. -
Why UPC joined Confederation
Because of Political deadlock (Canada East and West had different opinions on a lot of things, but since they had equal reps, nothing ould get done), the construction of the railway (see why NB joined Confed), Cancellation of the reciprocity treaty (again see why NB joined Confed), US invasion (see Fenian raids under why NB joined Confed) exapnsion into Rupert's Land (MacDonald had a dream of a nation that would stretch sea to sea, and Rupert's Land was necessary for this to happen) and becaus -
Why UPC joined Confed 2
e Great Britain supprted this idea (again see why NB joined Confed) -
Why NS joined Confed
They wanted the railroad for easier trade (see why NB joined Confederation 3-5) -
BNA Act
It stated that the central government would work like in the picture, and that the federal and provincial governments would have different responsibilities.
FEDERAL PROVINCIAL
Defense Education
Trade Civil Law
Foreign Affairs Property
Native Affairs Language
Economic Developement Taxes
Provinces were not allowed to secede from the new country. There would be rep by pop. There would be 24 senators. Ties to Britain and the -
BNA Act 2
the monarch would remain. The rep by pop was based off Quebec (ex- Canada East) who had 65 seats. So everyone else would just work out their seats based on their pop in relation to Quebec’s.
The BNA Act was like the good copy of the 72 Resolutions. -
Canada in 1867
Rather than inculde a map showing each time a new colony joined the Dominion Of Canada, I have this mao as Canada was at the end of 1867. You can see that there are four provinces; Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Newfoundland is still a colony of Britain, and Rupert's Land is owned by Britain as well. -
Canada buys HBC
The Cnadian government made a deal w/ HBC to buy Rupert's land for 1.5 million dollars -
Rupert's Land Expansion
Surveyers were sent to see how to divide the land. The land division was to be British, so square grids where some had great access to the water and otehrs didn;t, rather than the seigneurial system were everyone had access to water. The settlers and the Metis (who were the only people living in Rupert's land, Metis not settlers) were not consulted, and so they protested by7 removing the chains that showed where the land was to be split, but the government didn't care and just replaced the chain -
Rupert's Land Expansion 2
s, and so the settlers moved away. the Metis were called squatters, because they did not believe in owning land. The population of Rupert's Land after settlers moved in was 35 000 FN, 10 000 Metis, and 1 500 Settlers. The Metis and the settlers (who were mostly French) developed ties. They feared 1) English Protestants would assimilate them 2) their land would be taken over and farmed on 3) that there traditional way of life would be altered. -
Second Contact (w/ Metis)
MacDonald appointed McDougall (lieu-gov of NWT) to go to Red River but he was blocked by 14 armed MEtis who wanted to negotiate. -
Upper Fort Gary
MNC siezed ~ after after stopping McDougall
~ was HBC's HQ
metis settled in ~ w/ plenty of food and ammo, plus approaching winter provided natural barrier against the candian forces.
- riel met w. 12 english and 12 french reps from red river who agreed w/ him -
The Metis take control
(not political) Canadian party developed by Schultz who wanted Anglophone protestants to control red river (opposed Riel)
- Riel and the MEtis serround leader's shop (Schultz) on dec. 7 and took his pork and imprisoned 50 gurads in cells of Fort Gary -
Provisional Governemtn (1869)
-tried to stand up for MEtis rights
-gov. wanted to maintain order and work out probs
- Meris Bill of rights was a list of conditions for Canadian government :
NWT entered Confed
Right to their own LA to pass local laws
sep.schools for religion but money shared
both french and english get recognized eg docs, courts, judge, etc
every male, not just those w/ property, over 21 canvote
amnesty for all thosr involved in resistance -
Why Manitoba joined Confederation
When Manitoba was first cretaed, it was the size of a postage stamp (see picture). It was inhabited by mainly Metis and First Nations, and was created as the result of the Metis Bill of Rights. They wanted to join Confederation so that they would have representation in Ottawa and so then the government would have to listen to them. -
Scott's Controversy
Anglophones (ont) were upset and believed Riel a murderer. Withdrew support towards MEtis, and called for PM MacDonald to send in troops. Francophones (Quebec) alarmed and upset by that, they thought Riel a hero. Didn't want MacDonald to send troops. MAcDonald faced w/ difficult choice.
Pic is of Scott -
End of Metis's fight ?
- unrest in red river settlement
- citizens in ont demamded punishment for those who took up arms in Red River
- Troops were sent in
- Riel's uncle was beaten
- Riel got away
- supporters of Riel left was is now Saskatchewan
- Riel will come back from US
- Bill of Rights was accepted w/ exceptions Crown Lands and natural resources were kept, catholic and prt=otestnat schools were created, but no amnesty for riel
-
Why BC joined Confed
See why UPC joined Confederation minus the Political Deadlock. -
Dominion Lands Act
This gave the settlers 65 acres of land out West. You had to pay a $10 registration fee, which was a reasonable amount for back then. The settlers had to live and work on the land for 3 years in order to own it and get back your registration fee. If even one of the settlers left, the land was not theirs any more and the registration fee was lost. Settlement of the West would stop the Americans from invading and make the construction of the CPR easier. Th picture is one of a lake in the West. -
Dominion Lands Act Cont'd (Conditions)
-New settlers could not go to Canada West or East as these two were settled enough already. Many women were accepted only so they could bring children. Only people under 40 who were farmers or workers/ the wife of one could come. They did not want the elderly or the disabled, they would be a burden to the system. -
Problems With Immigration to the West
Conditions were very hard for the immigrants; it was very cold and they were not prepared. There were no trees in the prairies so sods (shown in picture) were built instead of log cabins. Wood (for fires) and livestock were very expenisive and extremely difficult to find. The settlers were often given lands far away from cities, so other things were scarce as well. This land was also unable to grow all cropsor support certain agriculture and livestock. -
Clifford Sifton's Attracting Settlers Campiagn
Clifford Sifton was MacDonald's Dynamic Federal Minister of Immigration. He was responsible for attracting settlers, so he got a bunch of brochures (example in picture) to be handed out by beautiful men and women. The response to this was great, settlers thought "I get to go to Canada and marry a beautiful person and have my own piece of land free! Why not?" This propsect was made even more attractive by the fact that all religions were respected and settlers would be able to
practice their ... -
Which Settlers were targeted?
cont'd from Clifford Sifton's Attracting Settlers Campiagn
own religions and build their won holy buildings. Many places at that time did not offer such freedom, so even more people came to settle. The brochures often left out problems as well (see picture) so people didn't see any reason not to come.
Which Settlers were targeted?
BUILDING: Italians, Portuguese, Spanish and Greeks
FARMING: Germans, Polish people, Norwegians & Russians -
Cypress Hills Massacre
A bunch of American wolfers lost their horses. They believed a group of Nakida (assiniboine First Nations) camped nearby. After they were very drunk on whisley, they set out to take revenge. One Nakoda in particular had been singled out as the thief. His name was Little Soldier, and after killing him the wolfers displayed his head on a stick for everyone to see. A few months later, when authorities in the more civilized part of Canada got wind of this, they became enraged, especially because... -
Cypress Hills Massacre 2
particularly because it was the Americans doing the attacking. Canada wanted to live peacefull, and this was seen as a blatant disregard for that. The murderers were never found, though several people were arrested and later tried. The site of the massacre still exists today. -
Why PEI joined Confed 2
their financial situation was no good so they had to join Confed to try to salvage the situation. -
Why PEI joined Confed
PEI had originally not joined Confed because the railroad could not help them; they were on an island. They would have joined if UPC or the rest of Confed would grant them a 200 000 pound loan to buy out the landlords who owned most of the land so that they could own it, but it didn;t work. A tarriff-free union was no use to them; most of the governmental revenue came off tarriffs. But then when the other colonies got Confed, their trade was destroyed and their financial situation wasn't that go -
Creation of the North West Mounted Police (Mounties or NWMP)
MacDonald's Conservative government created the NWMP to:
-Keep peace in the West
- look over the construction of the CPR in the prairies
- Cease Americans from invading
- Stop whiskey traders (whiskey made the quality of people's work lower and the government couldn't afford that)
They were basically the police of the prairies who patrolled mostly on horseback, but sometimes on foot. Before them, there was no authority in the West but the Cypress Hills Massacre caused them to be created. -
Battle of Duck Lake
Dumont, who was elected to be Riel's military commander, attacked Duck LAke and won his forces some early victories before the alrger forces of the government could be summoned. A picture of him is included. -
Massacre at Frog Lake
Thomas Quinn was killed because he refused to go with his captors and because he had treated the Cree badly. This caused chaos, and 8 other white men were killed. 6 Cree men were tried and hanged. This attack was not like the otehr battles; the attackers were an independant band of warriors attacking becasue of hunger and mistreatment. It compelled the government to pay attention to the growing unrest. -
Battle of Fish Creek
Dumont organized 150 FN and Metis to ambush government forces at Fish Creek, only 20km from Batoche. Taken by surprise, casualties were suffered before reinforcements were called and both sides withdrew from the area. -
Battle of Cut knife
Cree and Assiniboine fighters outnumbered the army at Cut Knife. Pundmaker, the Cree chief, persuaded them not to pursue the army and so casualties were far fewer. The soldiers attacking can be seenm in the picture. -
Battle of Batoche
Riekl thought Dumont wasnt going fast enough. He ordered Dumont to stop his guerilla campaign to defend Batoche. This was a military error: the army could now concentrate their efforts on one spot. 900 soldiers attacekd the united 300 Metis, Cree, and Dakota defenders. Riel surrendered, and Dumont managed to flee into the US. -
Metis Petition for Rights Again
It was ignored, so they called on Riel, who they viewed as a god. (see picture)
March 19- they siezed a protestant church
That was supported by the Crowfoot and Big Bear tribes (who were concerned that settlers were taking up their land and they were upset that Sam Steele double crossed them)
They set up a 2nd Provisional Government and then went to war. They used Guerilla Tactics. Gabrielle Dumont was the military leader of the Metis. -
The End of the Northwest Rebellion
Louis Riel was arrested for treason to the government and the Queen. He was put on trial, but the judge and the jury were all white and racism was very common in those days. Natives or Metis were not allowed into the courtroom. Riel's lawyer wanted him to plead insanity, but Riel said he wasn't insane and said that he was just upholding human rights. He was found guilty. Now, MacDonald had 2 choices; imprison Riel or hang him. The Queen reccomended imprisonment, to prevent more uprisings,,, -
The End of the Northwest Rebellion 2
MacDonald wanted to make an example of Riel by hanging him. Canada was its own country now, and was able to decide its own affairs. MacDonald chose to hang Louis. He made a big public event of it, and it was in the papers. An uproar did occur; legislature buildings were burned, and many settlers were killed. But troops were much more mobile thanks to the CPR, so British trops were brought in and the uprisings stopped. During this, Crowfoot and Big Bear were killed. MacDonald got what he wanted. -
Yukon
They were scared of a US invasion. There had been a gold rush, and they feared the US would use this as an excuse to invade them and take over. They would rather be a par of Canda and remain and British colony than join America. -
Why Alberta and Saskatchewan joined Confed
These two colonies used to be just a fur trading area, but the population had grown. They would like to have more land to expand into while still remaining the same colony, They had major mining, logging and railway industries, and would like to expan this into the otehr colonies. They also liked the type of government that Confederation proposed. -
Why Newfoundland joined Confed
They wanted to be relieved of their Financial debt, and because there was British pressure for them to join, and because they feared an American invasion. -
Canada gets its own army
Canada was a subsidiary of Britain until 1967, when we got our own army. But even this was named the Royal Canadian Army. -
Immigration Policy Is Changed
Before, if you came to Canada you had to be able to work, otherwise you were considered a burden on he system. After 1980, if you are a Canadian citizen, you can bring in your elderly parents/ disabled siblings even though they might not be able to work. -
Why Nunavut joined canada
They were not consulted; but Canada wanted control over their resources.
