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Jan 1, 1500
Oxbridge Model
Oxford and Cambridge - 16th and 17th Century Oxbridge Model” – arranging several residential colleges within a university, in a pastoral setting. -
Period: Aug 22, 1500 to
The Colonial Period - Sorting Out the English Legacy
Oxford and Cambridge – 16th and 17th Century “Oxbridge Model” – arranging several residential colleges within a university, in a pastoral setting Previous to the Oxbridge Model, they were in urban settings with no permanent campus Oxbridge Model found responsibility to guide both social and academic dimensions of undergraduate life. Americans considered the Oxbridge Model the “C ollege Way” Strict separation from education and government Still that way, education system an entirely -
Collegiate Way
Americans adopted the "Oxbridge Model" -
Period: to
American Way in Higher Ed. - New National Period
Following US independence 1776 – mid 19th Century Boom in college building in the 1st half of the 19th century Poor operating funds Women’s colleges started popping up between 1860-1900 Small black colleges starting popping up in the South -
Women's Colleges
Start popping up between 1860-1900 -
Black Colleges in South
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Period: to
University Building
o Universities were very small, only urban universities such as Harvard, Columbia and Pennsylvania enrolled more than 5,000
o Legislators in the Midwest & west started to embrace and financially support through taxation the idea of a great university as a symbol of state pride
Still intact, biggest fan basis in America.
o By WWI the junior college was created, an American establishment -
Period: to
Higher Education after WWI
o State universities in the Midwest started serving statewide public and enrollment as large campuses reaching 15 to 20 thousand
o Enrollment increased during the Great Depression due to widespread unemployment
How does that compare to current depression?
• Enrollment up at most universities, “The Chronicle” article
o “Dilemma of Diversity” – Individuals at the most heterogeneous institutions often encountering the most glaring conflicts, hostilities, and discrimination within campus life.
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WWI Began
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Selective Admissions Policies Adopted
o In 1920s allowed administrators to implement selective admissions policies because the number of applicants outnumbered the number of slots.
Standardized tests became practiced, birth of the SAT… military tests used as the inspiration
o These various admission tools and practices often used to exclude individuals on the base of race, ethnicity, gender or other criteria unrelated to academic merit.
These issues were brushed aside for a laissez-faire perspective. -
First SAT exam
Military tests used as the inspiration -
Great Depression
Enrollment Increased -
Period: to
Higher Education's "Golden Age"
o GI Bill – provided a short-term measure by which the federal government could mitigate the pressure of hundreds of thousands of returning war veterans becoming job seekers in a saturated national labor market.
Scholarships made postsecondary education readily available to veterans
Long-term consequences:
• Far more attractive than legislators anticipated
• It set a precedent for making portable government student aid into an entitlement
• Provided a policy tool for increasing the diversity -
Period: to
Problems During a Time of Prosperity
Multiversity” – the prestigious title used to describe the idealized institutions of the era… 1960s
These institutions consisted of a flagship campus with advanced degree programs whose enrollment usually exceeded 20,000students and whose budgets relied heavily on the “soft money” of external research and development projects funded by the federal government and private foundations.
o Private/religious/small colleges also thrived
o Rapid increase caused student discontent
Students complained -
Period: to
An Era of Adjustment and Accountability
o By 1972 the fed gov exerted its presence within higher ed by dictating an increased commitment to social justice and educational opportunity on university and college campuses.
Emerged with large-scale entitlements for financial student aid
• Allowed for more diversity
Title IX
o Enrollment declined
o American Educational system put on the chopping block, schools expected to demonstrate efficiency and effectiveness.
o “Do more with less” attitude by government to schools -
Period: to
The Twentieth to the Twenty-First Century
o Between 1990 and 2000 most colleges and universities were prosperous and had robust enrollment.
o Rising college costs became a concern
The privileges and expectations of the college experience in the 1950s and 60s were expected but couldn’t be afforded today. Student Affairs suffered.
o Women become the majority
Still receive less than their share of resources and opportunities in activities
Changed the organizations on campus
o Nontraditional students increased
o Virtual universities
