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Caesar invades for the second time, gaining a third of the country. These two invasions are known as Caesar's invasions of Britain.
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Aulus Plautius leads an army of forty thousand to invade Great Britain. Emperor Claudius makes Britain a part of the Roman Empire. This is known as the Roman conquest of Britain.
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Duncan the Diseased is killed in action at Elgin, Moray attempting to suppress a rebellion by Macbeth, King of Scotland, Mormaer of Moray, who replaces him as king of Scotland.
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Harthacnut dies, probably due to a stroke after excessive drinking at a wedding in Lambeth. He is succeeded as king of England by his brother Edward the Confessor.
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Macbeth is killed in battle at Lumphanan by Duncan the Diseased's son Malcolm III of Scotland. He is succeeded as king of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
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Edward the Confessor dies, probably after a series of strokes. He is succeeded as king of England by his brother-in-law Harold Godwinson.
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Norman conquest of England: William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, lands with an army at Pevensey.
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Battle of Hastings: Harold Godwinson is killed in battle against the forces of William the Conqueror at Battle, East Sussex, causing the collapse of his army.
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Malcolm III and his eldest son are ambushed and killed at Alnwick by an army of knights led by Robert de Mowbray, earl of Northumbria.
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William II is killed by an arrow through the lung while hunting in the New Forest. He is succeeded by his brother Henry I of England.
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Stephen dies of a stomach disease. He is succeeded as king of England by Henry II of England, grandson of Henry I.
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Henry II issues the Constitutions of Clarendon, which provided that members of the Catholic Church accused of serious crimes would be tried and sentenced in secular courts.
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Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, is murdered in Canterbury Cathedral by followers of Henry II.
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Richard is captured near Vienna on the orders of Leopold V, Duke of Austria, duke of Austria, while returning from the Crusades.
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Battle of Aberconwy: Llywelyn the Great defeats his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, one of two princes of Kingdom of Gwynedd, in battle.
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Richard dies of a crossbow wound sustained two weeks earlier during a siege of Château de Châlus-Chabrol. He was succeeded as king of England by his brother John, King of England.
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John agrees to Magna Carta, granting political rights including the right to a fair trial to his barons.
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Henry III and Alexander II of Scotland sign the Treaty of York, under which the latter renounced his claims on English territory in Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.
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Death of Dafydd ap Llywelyn; Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeds to the throne of Gwynedd (he does not claim the title of prince of Wales until 1258).
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Battle of Largs, an inconclusive battle, is fought between Haakon IV of Norway and the Scots.
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Scotland and Norway sign the Treaty of Perth under which Scottish control of the Western Isles is acknowledged.
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The Battle of Bosworth Field ends the Yorkist reign of Richard III and ushers in Tudor reign, with the reign of Henry VII.
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The Battle of Stoke is fought between Henry VII and Lambert Simnel a Yorkist claimant to the throne. It is the last battle of the Wars of the Roses.
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Scotland – The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicates and flees Scotland after an uprising by Protestant lords
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England and Scotland – Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire.
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Scotland – James VI enacts the "Golden Act" recognising the power of Presbyterianism within the Scottish church.
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England and Scotland – The Gunpowder plot is uncovered, in which Guy Fawkes and others attempted to blow up the king, James VI and I and the Parliament of England.
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