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German monk Martin Luther nails his Ninety-Five Theses, criticizing the Indulgences, on the door of the University of Wittenberg, Germany.
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Henry VIII wants his marriage with Catherine of Aragon to be annulled.
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Henry VIII marries Ann Boleyn and declares, by the Act of Succession, she is a legitimate queen. The Pope disagrees and the king is banished from the Roman Catholic Church.
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The king was made Supreme Head of the Church of England
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Great rebellions were held for six months in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire by gentlemen and clergymen against the Reformation
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Roman Catholic Church tried to correct the abuses of the Church
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The Book of Common Prayer is instaured, eradicating Roman Catholic practices and allowing the marriage of clergy.
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Mary I, also called "Bloody Mary", restored Catholicism and sent more than 200 Protestants to the stake.
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Second Act of Supremacy: Elizabeth I became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England
Act of Uniformity: The Book of Common Prayer became mandatory in every parish and people who did not attend Anglican service were fined. -
Stated the doctrine of the Church, new ecclesiology (conception of the Church), new doctrine of Salvation, new definition of sacraments and of the mass
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Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, flees to England to escape from the civil war taking place in Scotland
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Elizabeth I kept Mary Stuart under close watch because she feared she would try to replace her in order to bring Catholicism back
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- 6000 insurgents
- Attempt to replace Elizabeth I by Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
- Led by the Earls of Westmorland & Northumberland
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In response to her excommunication, Elizabeth I made it treason for anyone who said she was not the true Queen of England and Wales.
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Catholics were sentenced to death, Catholic Mass became forbidden and Anglican service became compulsory under penalty of a £20 fine per month.
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Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and but Mary Stuart on the throne, but the Queen's master spy intercepted a letter between Mary Stuart and this group. Mary was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death.
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Catholic King Philip II of Spain decides to invade Protestant England but the Spanish Armada is defeated for the first time of its history.
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Elizabeth I destroyed portraits of her he judged offending.
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By taking the throne of England, James becomes the first sovereign to reign on both Scotland and England.
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Small groups of Catholics tried to blow up the Parliament
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King James I tried to introduce a financial reform that would have made him financially independent by receiving a fixed sum of money from the Parliament. The House of Commons refused, so James I dismissed the Parliament.
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Jame I instaures a new English translation of the Bible
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This was a war for the throne of Bosnia. German Prince Elector Palatine, supported by German princes, Scandinavia, France and the Dutch Republic, was invited to take it after the death of Ferdinand Habsburg so the Emperor sent his army, supported by Spain.
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In order to help his daughter and son-in-law (Palatine) and to demonstrate the power of Protestant England, James I sends his country to the war.
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The Members of Parliament complain about Charles I's dissolution of Parliament, forced loans and illegal custom duties collection. They globally want the king to recognise there were limits to his powers.
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Time span during which Charles I governed without ever calling a Parliament after they declared that Arminians (Protestants that want to get closer to Catholicism, supported by Charles I) and anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without Parliament's consent (meaning the King himself) were enemies.
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Charles I imposes The Book of Common Prayer in Calvinist Scotland, leading to a riot in St Giles' Cathedral and to The Bishops' War)
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The Scottish crisis began in 1637 after King Charles I tried to impose the Book of Common Prayer in Scotland, leading to riots in Scottish churches.
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It was a petition opposing Charles’ religious policy, it called for the spiritual independence of the Scottish Church to be maintained.The king saw this as an open act of rebellion, so both England and Scotland began to form an army, leading to The Bishops' War.
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The King, in need of money to fight the Scots, called a Parliament for the first time in 11 years, but dissolved it again only three weeks later, after the Members of Parliament demanded him to address their grievances first. This is a world record.
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The Scots invaded England and defeated them. They signed a Peace Treaty (Treaty of Ripon) forcing Charles I to pay the cost of the Scottish army, which led the king to call a new Parliament (called "The New Parliament") that would not be dissolved until 1660.
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Irish rebels massacred 3000 to 4000 Protestants settlers sent by James I
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The Parliament takes away the King's right to appoint whoever he wants to the head of the army.
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Briefly, this document summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands.
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Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest John Pym and 4 other Members of Parliament he believed plotted against the Queen.
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Charles formally declared war on Parliament after it presented him The 19 Propositions, including him becoming a constitutional monarch.
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The First Civil War had killed 190 000 Englishmen and ended on the victory of Parliamentarians over Royalists.
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Created by Parliament, this first English national and centralized army, strong of 22,000 men was a vehicle for Democracy and Egalitarianism.
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Charles I surrendered to the Scots, who handed him to Parliament.
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After not having been paid for months, the soldiers saw their army disbanded. In response to that, they seized the King from Parliament.
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The Second Civil War began after Charles I allied himself with the Scots to win back his place on the throne in exchange of introducing Calvinism in England. The Royalists were easily defeated by Cromwell.
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Cromwell's troops massacred Irish Catholics in response to the 1641 rumours accusing Irish Catholics of killing 200,000 Protestants
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After the abolition of monarchy (which was described as "unnecessary, burdensome and dangerous") and the House of Lords, England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic).
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Time span during which England was a Commonwealth (until 1653) but then became a Military Protectorate led by Cromwell after failing maintaining stability
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King Charles I was executed at the end of a trial for high treason.
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Charles I's son Charles II (who was proclaimed king of Scotland after his father's death) tried to invade England to gain his throne back but Cromwell's army defeated him, leading to his escape
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Cromwell began imprisoning anyone saying that the Bible was not the word of God.
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This stands for the English Constitution (only Constitution ever written for England).
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Slow progress with electoral reform and tensions between Army and Parliament led Cromwell to play the same game as Charles I and dissolved Parliament.
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Charles II promised general amnesty, to continue religious toleration and to share power with Parliament but only in return for the restoration of monarchy.
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A series of laws passed during the first 5 years of the Restoration. They were repressive towards religious groups not belonging to the Anglican Church.
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Charles II's Declaration of Breda was accepted and the king was restored.
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II.
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne, going against the divine rights of Kings. In response to that, Charles II... dissolved Parliament.
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After James II was gifted a Catholic heir, Parliament asked William of Orange to invade England and seize the crown, which he did with the help of 15,000 soldiers but they did not even need to fight (English Army deserted and James II fled to France).
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It established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants.
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The Monarch's powers became officially limited and England became a Constitutional Monarchy.
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King William III and Mary II had no surviving children and all the potential Stuart successors were Catholic, so this Act ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs.
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England (including Wales) and Scotland unified to create The United Kingdom of Great Britain, suppressing Scottish Parliament but giving the Scots 45 seats in the House of Commons and 16 seats inn the House of Lords. Nevertheless, Scotland kept its Presbyterian Church and its own laws.