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NOAM CHOMSKY
He talked about the concept of communicative competence being the knowledge and required habilities in order to use the language in a social context. -
HYMES
He says communicative competence is divided into eight interaction linguistic components structured under the acronym of SPEAKING -
WIDDOWSON
According to Widdowson, the idea that once competence is acquired, performance willtake care of itself is false. -
HYMES
Hymes defined the concept of Communicative language teaching as a knowledge of the rules for understanding and producing both " referential and social meaning language"
He says it's necessary to distinguish two kinds of competence: linguistic competence that deals with producing and understanding grammatically correct sentences
"communicative competence" that deals with producing and understanding sentences that are appropriate and acceptable to a particular situation. -
WIDDOWSON
He states that six or more years of instruction in English does not guarantee normal language communication, He suggests that communicative abilities have to be developed at the same time as the linguistic skills; otherwise, the mere acquisition of the linguistic skills may inhibit the development of communicative abilities. -
WIDDOWSON
Communicative competence is the ability to use language to communicate. He says that knowing a language is more than how to understand, speak, read, and write sentences, but how sentences are used to communicate. “We do not only learn how to compose and comprehend correct sentences as isolated linguistic units of random occurrence; but also how to use sentences appropriately to achieve communicative purposes" -
WIDDOWSON
He distinguishes four aspects: “usage”: makes evident the extent to which the language user demonstrates his knowledge of linguistic rules “use”: makes evident the extent to which the language user demonstrates his ability to use his knowledge of linguistic rules for effective communication.
“significance":is the meaning that sentences have in isolation from the particular situation in which the sentence is produced
"Value" is the meaning that sentences take on when they are used to communicate -
HALLIDAY
We have seven factors:
Instrumental: the usage of language to achieve something
Regulating factor: It has the intention to control the behavior of others, the laws illustrate it.
Interpersonal, it is used to establish interactions.
Personal: Involve language usage to express feelings and meanings
Heuristic: The usage of language to learn to write and describe something
Representative: use the language to inform.
Imaginative: It is related to language for creating -
CANALE AND SWAIN
They maintain that there are rules of language use that would be useless without rules of grammar. Grammar follows some criteria:
1. grammatical complexity
2. transparency with respect to the communicative function of the sentence;
3. generalizability to other communicative functions;
4. the role of a given form in facilitating the acquisition of another form;
5. acceptability in terms of perceptual strategies;
6. degree of markedness in terms of social geographical dialects. -
CANALE AND SWAIN
They include three main competencies in Communicative competence.
Grammatical competence: includes knowledge of lexical items and of rules of morphology, syntax, sentence grammar semantics, and phonology.
Sociolinguistic competence is made up oftwo sets of rules: sociolinguistic rules of use and rules of discourse.
strategic competence: is made up of verbal and non-verbal communication strategies that may be called into action to compensate for break downs in communication -
BACHMAN
They propose a new organization for communicative competence-base on two big components determined knowledge:
el conocimiento organizativo y el conocimiento pragmático -
MATURANA
The purpose of this kind of assessment it is knowing if the assessed person has the knowledge and the necessary skills He/She needs in order to use the language in a specific social context with particular intentions .
