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America saw an 83 % population growth
America saw an 83 % population growth -
Chinese Exclusion Act
Chinese Exclusion Act restricts access of Chinese immigrants -
English-Only Laws
Illinois and Wisconsin embrace English – Only laws -
Submersion model is introduced
Submersion model is introduced, suggesting that the child’s first language should absolutely never be used. -
Bennet Law passed in Wisconsin
Wisconsin first to pass Bennet Law, requiring English to be taught for at least 16 weeks a year. -
Immigration Restriction League
Immigration restriction league is formed and remains together for 20 years -
Naturaliztion Act is passed
Naturalization act is passed, requiring immigrants to speak English to become citizens -
Meyer v. Nebraska
The legislatures of 34 states had imposed English-only instruction in all private and public schools. The ruling of Meyer v. Nebraska changed that instruction and allowed non-English instruction to continue in private schools. -
Pierce vs Society of Sisters
The court ruled that states can't force children to go to public schools and submit to government standardization if that violated their sincerely-held religious convictions. -
Farrington vs Tokushige
In Hawaii in 1927, there was a law in place that said schools that taught in languages other than English and Hawaiian had to pay an extra amount of $1.00 per student, and also had to get special permits to run the school. Japanese schools fought against this in a court of law and it was ruled that this was in violation of the 5th amendment; it was likely that the schools would stop being held because of the extra expenses, infringing on their property rights. -
Independent School District vs Salvatierra
This court case was concerning the segregation of a hispanic student. The court system sided with the school district because they said that segregation was necessary to teach students English. Later this decision was overturned. -
The Lemon Grove Incident
In Lemon Grove, California, an all-Anglo school board decided to build a separate school for children of Mexican heritage without giving any consent to their parents. In turn to these events, the parents had refused to send their children to the new school and this resulted in a boycott. Through the Mexican consul and with the help of Enrique Ferreira, they were able to succeed in the desegregation court case in the history of the United States. -
Indian Reorganization Act
The Bureau of Indian Affairs made an official policy of ending the repressing of Indian foreign languages over the Native Americans. It also allowed each tribe to establish some sort of formal government, introduced reforms, and promoted the Native American cultural traditions. -
Mo Hok Ke Lok Po vs Stainback
There was a new regulation put into effect that was supposed to prevent students from learning a foreign language. This act was called: "Act Regulating the Teaching of Foreign Languages to Children." Many Chinese Hawaiians did not like this, because they wanted their children to be able to learn Chinese as well. The Act argued that the students learning of a different language would set them back from learning English. -
Mendez v. Westminster Board of Education
In this ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education established the principal of equal educational opportunity for all public school students. -
The National Defense Act
The National Defense Act encouraged the study of foreign languages in school. -
After the Cuban Revolution
After the Cuban Revolution, thousands of Cuban families fled to the United States as political exiles. Public and parochial schools, especially those in South Florida, were overwhelmed with the enrollment of Spanish-speaking children. President Eisenhower authorized the immediate transfer of one million dollars to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare for assistance to South Florida. -
ASPIRA
ASPIRA, an organization devoted to the education and leadership development of Puerto Rican and other Latino youth, was founded. -
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
"No person in the United States shall, on the grounds of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance."
