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After the year 1500, financial, environmental, and administrative problems weakened the Ming Empire, and it fell to the Manchus.
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The Ottoman Empire fought a two-century war with Venice, Italy's most powerful city-state, leaving Venice in a vulnerable state. This compelled them to pay the Ottoman Empire tributes.
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The city Istanbul, before known as Constantinople, economically boosted the empire and organized the empire's political control.
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The beginning of the Safavid Empire developed distinct qualities that proved Iran different from it's neighboring countries. These traditions of law, belief, and learning would stick around even until today.
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The Safavid Empire's devotion to Shi'ism, in comparison to other countries which followed Sunnism, allowed for Iran to break away from the Islamic caliphate and become a separate country.
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The Hidden Imam sparked many political and religious roles. Shi'ite scholars taught followers to be patient and wait for the Hidden Imam but others took the opportunity to gain a strong political role and build the Safavid Empire up to the qualities that the Hidden Imam would want.
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In 1516 and 1517, Selim I, the sultan of the empire at the time, was able to conquer Egypt and Syria, which made the Red Sea the Ottoman's southern frontier.
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Suleiman the Magnificent brought the Ottoman empire into its golden age when he made great military action and worked the imperial system to perfection. The empire had the greatest advancements politically and economically during his reign.
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The Mughal Empire began after Babur's defeat of the last Muslim sultan in Delhi. It would hold almost complete control over India for hundreds of years, which would cause it to have a massive effect on the rest of the world for that time and the time after.
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Babur's victory in Khanua gave him a tenous hold most of northwest India which was the foundation for the Mughal Empire, a powerful political and economic force.
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Babur was the original founder of the Mughal Empire and his death brought in new successor's to his reign which would change the empire greatly and continue growing India as a force in the world economy.
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The defeat of the Mughal Empire and the fall of the current ruler, Humayun, led to an important political shift in the country's history.
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Humayun lost his family's inheritance in India and was driven west by Sher Shah, created a political crisis in the region with lost-lasting effects.
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Humayun retakes control of northern India and is thus restored to the throne of the Mughal Empire, an important event in the Mughal Empire's political history due to his importance in the empire.
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In order to restrict the traditional right of their vassals to chigyō, daimyo paid them rice, which increased their dependence on them. This policy increased the lands under the direct control of the daimyo, strengthening the economic base of the domain. The daimyo employed the same methods toward their own vassals as the bakufu used to control them. A hierarchical, “feudal” regime was established by means of the kokudaka system, extending from the shogun through the daimyo to their retainers.
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Akbar was the most important ruler for the Mughal Empire and he helped to bring more religious unity to India and stabilize the region after Mongol control.
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The assassination of Bairam Khan gave Akbar complete control of the Mughal Empire which lead to great political, religious and economic development in the empire.
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Akbar's son was part Muslim and part Hindu, which helped create unity between Muslims and Hindus in India, influencing the rest of the world.
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The tomb of Mughal Emperor Humayun introduced the dome shape which would become extremely important in their architecture from then on and set the region aside from other places with this architecture.
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During the rule of Shah Abbas I, the fifth and most renowned ruler, the royal capital was moved to Isfahan, which economically did not improve the empire for it was built to show architectural beauty.
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In 1592, the Japanese invaded the Choson Empire and left it in ruins and devastation. Even despite the help of Chinese troops, Choson was not able to defend itself from the attacks. This event led to more invasions of Choson.
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Seven year long , the war had lasting effects in Korea, facilitated the demise of the Ming Dynasty in China, and produced bad feelings between Japan and Korea that have lasted down to the present.
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The Islamic Law being put into place in the Safavid Empire helped the country of Iran to create a society where women could participate in the same things that men could, unlike in Europe where women and men did not have equal rights. The Safavid Empire gave many privileges to the women that were given to the men.
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In 1598, the Japanese withdrew their troops a year after Toyotomi's death in 1597. This ended the war that left Choson in utter ruins with most of their artisans and and scholars kidnapped by the Japanese in order to teach Korea's advanced technology. The aid in defeat of the Japanese was by Yi Sun Shin as he led Korean naval forces after Japan's attempt to control China through Korea. The ending of the war led to Korea isolating itself from the world in order to repair its severe damage.
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Akbar's son, Jahangir, revolted against his father and, while he was defeated, succeeded in gaining more power in the empire even though he was already successor and destabalizing the political structure of the empire to an extent.
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The Tokugawa Shogunate completed the unification of Japan and moved the capital to Edo(Tokyo) by gaining victory at Sekigahara. A new administrative capital was created in Edo.
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The climatic deterioration worsened the complicated military situation, which resulted in revolts that devastated Anatolia. During this time, Anatolia had many rebellions, suffered from large emigrations, and experienced loss in agricultural production.
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Inflation spread into Iran in the late sixteenth century because of cheap silver. Inflation caused overland trade in the Safavid territory to decline because of mismanagement of silk monopoly, which caused the empire to weaken and fall to invaders in 1722.
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Korea was at eternal peace for two centuries in order to focus on itself. Thus, the world tried to communicate more with them by trade and traveling there, which led to missionaries and religious figures to go there. Which, consequently led to Korea's isolation from the rest of the world.
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Tokugawa Ieyasa became shogun in 1603 after the victory at Sekigahara in 1600. His leadership was a major turning point in Japanese history since it was one of the most environmentally progressive governments in history.
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Ieyasu was initially tolerant of Christian proselytization, but later he came to fear that the Christians would join Hideyori to resist the bakufu, so he took steps to prohibit Christianity before his destruction of the Toyotomi family. Decrees prohibiting Christianity were promulgated in 1612 and 1614, and the persecution of its adherents began immediately thereafter. Persecution became much more severe under Hidetada and Iemitsu, until Christianity had to be stamped out.
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In 1627, Choson suffered from an invasion performed by the Manchu tribes of Manchuria. This led to many cultural assets to be lost, along with their government being severely weakened. This also led to them initiating an isolationist policy, thus, isolating themselves from the rest of the world.
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The Manchu's first wave in Korea was stable as Korea was fighting back. This first wave led to a weakening Korea which affected the world by having Korea restrict their borders.
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Shah Jahan's rule of the Mughal Empire brought great architectural advancements and other improvements in art that impacted the empire greatly.
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The Taj Mahal was originally built as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and became one of the most well-known architectural monuments in the world and one of the most important moments for art in this era.
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Ieyasu’s successor required the domainal lords, or daimyo, to maintain households in the Tokugawa administrative capital of Edo (modern Tokyo) and reside there for several months every other year.
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In the 1630s the shogunate adopted a policy of national seclusion, which forbade Japanese subjects from traveling abroad. This isolation from the rest of the world would have a profound effect on Japan’s future. Japanese were forbidden to make overseas voyages or to return to Japan from overseas, which was a severe blow to Japan’s traders.
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Due to their lack of success in the first wave due to Korea's defense, the Manchu's came back a second time. This resulted in a completely devastating Korea. Which, affects the world because this led to Korea's isolation due to it needing time to recover after suffering from such devastating damage.
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In 1636, the Manchu captured Seoul which led to the king having to unconditionally surrender. Seoul was, and still is, the capital of Korea. This means that the capturing of Seoul evidently led to the capturing of Choson, meaning that the Manchu now had control over it. This led them to rise in power thus, enabling them to try to overthrow other places in the world.
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Russia grew vastly by colonizing Siberia. Siberia opened up many opportunities for Russia, there was an opening for trade, supplying fur the people wanted.
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The Mughal-Safavid War had distastrous effects on both sides with large numbers of casaulties and resulted in the Mughal Empire losing the strategically important city of Kandahar, among other cities.
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In 1656, a Dutch merchant ship ship landed on the shore of Jeju Island and its 36 survivors were taken to Seoul for detainment.13 years later, Hendrik Hamel and 7 other people escaped and went back home to Europe. He then wrote a book about his experience in Korea. This is significant during this time period as Korea was not generally written about nor explored, thus, no one knowing about it. As it was generally isolated at the time. This broadened European people's knowledge on Korea.
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Following the events regarding the Dutch Merchants in 1656, Roman Catholic priests came to Korea, as did missionaries. This led to the introduction of Roman Catholicism in Korea. Despite their strong Confucianist views, a significant amount of people did convert to Catholicism. But, since Catholicism opposed Confucianist views, the government suppressed it. The effects were their attitudes toward women and their teachings/beliefs. Which shaped what they thought of the rest of the world.
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Aurangzeb was extremely influential to the religious and social structure of India due to his decision to re-institute restrictions on Muslims, which hurt their previously held religious equality.
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The death of Shah Jahan signaled the end of many of the elements especially the tolerance of people of different religions with the rise of Aurangzeb who lacked this tolerance.
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The transition to tax farms caused rural administration to suffer, which caused the imperial government to face great administrative burdens and relied on wealthy men to purchase lifelong tax collection rights, but this had a negative effect on the Ottoman Empire because relying on these men was not always very effective in collecting taxes.
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Peter the Great brought many innovations to Russia. He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite. He played a crucial role in westernizing Russia by changing its economy, government, culture, and religious affairs.
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The empire's military, which originally was led by the sultan, switched to create a military of Janissaries. The Janissaries began to follow corrupt practices which had ultimately weakened the state.
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As the imperial government reoriented to Europe, lower officials took advantage in creating local powers as the sultan began to lose control over the empire. Under an empire that was no longer united under one power led to its demise.
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Trade agreements called capitulations were granted as favors by powerful sultans, but European domination of Ottoman trade created a habit of exploitation, but the Ottomans quickly regained control because Europeans did not control strategic ports. The Ottomans were able build their trade cities in attempts to create a flourishing economy.
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This Time of Troubles marked the end of the old line of Muscovite rulers. During this era, which coincided with the beginning of the Little Ice Age and a similar period of internal disorder in the Ottoman Empire.
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Aurangzeb's death began the fall of the Mughal Empire which completely changed the history of India and the rest of the world due to India being an important center of power in the world.
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The Sunni movement, inspired by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, completely took over the Ottoman Empire, so much so that the government could not control it. Impotent actions were made, which showed how much power was slipping away from the sultan, which would eventually lead to the empires demise.
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During the Tulip Period, the Ottoman Empire's culture was effected by the popularization of European fashion when the craze for tulip bulbs took over Ottoman ruling circles.
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The fall of the Safavid Empire due to high military costs, decline of trade, and inflation left Iran in a weakened state which took time to build up again.
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Lacking seaports Russia relied on its neighbors. Leading to better relationships with them. Europe and Muslims neighbor created trade relationships, benefiting the economy.
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Patrona Halil's dictation of government policies for several months confirmed the severe difficulties the Ottoman Empire was facing, which caused many higher class people took advantage of this opportunity and local powers began to rise.
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The Mughal Empire falling caused the power of India to decline significantly and allowed India to be taken under the control of England.
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A warlord named Nadir Shah was able to temporarily reunite Iran after the fall of the Safavid Empire. During the time of the reunification, Shah invaded India and carried off to Iran the "peacock throne", a very important jewel to the Mughals. This greatly affected the imperial government and more local powers rose, creating more tension in the Mughal Empire and giving more power to the reunited Iran.
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Joseph Francois Dupleix's take over began a new phase of European involvement in India which helped shape India after the Mughal Empire was largely fallen.
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The one'sided Qing trading system prompted the Macartney mission and other European embassies to the Qing court, but the Qing refused all requests for more equitable trading conditions.
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The defeat of the combined armies of Emperor Shah Alam II and the nawabs of Awadh and Bengal which signified the take over of the Mughal Empire and India as a whole by the British, a moment that would completely change the history of the region and would lead to disastrous effects on the political and social structures of the nation.
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Kangxi expanded the Qing Empire's border's, subdued or contained rival powers, and presided over a flourishing economy and culture.
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After the events of the Dutch Merchant ships and the introduction of Roman Catholicism, there were also persecutions being held. This affected the world because it made Korea even more isolated thus decreasing trade between foreigners and them.
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By the 18th century, pop. growth had created social and environmental problems that the Qing could not control.
