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(it leads to the establishment of the Duma – High parliamentary institution; a multiparty system and the Constitution of 1906)- precedent of rusian revolution
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Filippo Marinetti. His
“Futurist Manifesto” (1909)
praised the hygenic effect of
violence. -
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first American president to fly to Europe during his mandate, only world leader who has any moral authority (his country has not contributed to the massacre of young men during the war).Wilson wants to create a new international order founded on the principles of national self-determination, democracy and peace.
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closed the Turkish straights and sealed off Russia from her western allies. It also brought the war to the Middle East.
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Alliance, Entent, Slavic allies of Russia
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National reconstruction after WW1
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Britain and France had already agreed to divide the Ottoman Empire into their respective spheres of interest.
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attempt by the Sinn Fein, the Irish independence movement, to kick the British out of Ireland. They seized the government buildings in Dublin on Easter Day, 24 April 1916. They did so during wartime and with help from Germany. The British put the Easter Rising down with imprisonments and executions.
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promising Jewish Zionist a homeland in Palestine
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End of Russian Empire - Pre-revolutionary Russia before 1917, February rev (+moderated) October rev (led by bolsheviks)
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Red vs Whites, Red Victory
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Red Leader
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Capture of Jerusalem - reconquers Israel for Christianity
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1914-1918
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1917-1918 Syrian, lebanon, palestine, iraq - key alliances to SUEZ CANAL
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foreshadowing the Second World War.
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1914 - 1918 WAAC, jobs... munition factories
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led by Blaise Diagne, mayor of Dakar (Senegal), and first black political leader elected by the Chamber of Deputies (voted by French people in the metropole to be their elected representative: he occupied a position of great power in the metropole).
-
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introduced the principle of a
dual mode of administration
(diarchy). -
esulting in the Anglo-Irish War of War of Irish independence. This signified big problems for the British empire, which was already facing other pro-independence challenges elsewhere, in places such as India.
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Ideological agenda based on self-determination and democracy to create a new world order
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founded in 1885, Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement.
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traditional military dictatorship that came to power after crushing
the communist revolution of Belá Kun. During World WWII,Miklós Horthy (right) allied with Germany(1941), though he kept the country free of German troops until the late invasion of 1944. -
Save south/east europe from bolshevism
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served to delegitimize the British rule in Ireland. Just a few months earlier, in April 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre or Amritsar Massacre in the Punjab did the same for India.
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6milion killed
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with a peace agreement and an Act of Parliament. It Partitioned Ireland into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland
-
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brought Mussolini’s and Lenin’s
techniques of mass mobilization
to a new level – Wagnerian
music, neo-classical
architecture, frenzied antiSemitic oratory, the cult of
youth, ballet-like movements of
uniformed men; and the
parading of flags and swastikas. -
“Socialism in one state", Permanent Dictatorship, radicalism, geo-political interest
5years plans 28-32, 33-37, 38 -
1st of many agreements that would drastically reduce the reconstruction payments that Germany had to do. This sets the stage for future transgressions and violations of the Treaty of Versailles.
-
fierce anticommunist dictator of
Poland. His successors
suffered the joint NaziSoviet invasion of 1939 -
German
Dr Bruno Beger
measures a Tibetan
woman’s head to
demonstrate the
‘inferior’ characteristics
of her race. Beger
would soon work for
the Nazi SS to help
identify Jews. Tibet,
1938. -
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pure defensive
-
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passed on 27 November 1947, the resolution divided the land between Jews and Palestinians
-
A university professor (of economic policy and
finance) heavily reliant on the army. Salazar remained neutral during the war, eventually allowing the British to use the Azores Islands as an airbase -
unification of small german states
-
nazi - The regime implemented a
policy of sterilization of deaf, dumb, blind, epileptic,
depressed or psychotic people, or any person who
carried a hereditary disease. The Nazis sterilized one
in every 200 persons, and some Nazi scientists
pressured for 20 to 30 percent of the population -
the Allies agree to open, on Stalin’s insistence, a western front on the beaches of Normandy → Stalin allowed presence in the west and tried to shift Allied attention and resources to this area in order to have a free hand in Eastern Europe
○ The ‘Big Three’ at the Conference: Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill. -
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pURGE NAZI PARTY
-
Prohibited the marriage
between “Germans” and “Jews,” obligating those
Germans married to Jews to get a divorce. -
1891-1956
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not sent too many troops to nazi
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1889-1964 he saw the “new
civilization” of the Soviet Union
as “the most promising feature
of our dismal age”. -
Hitler broke the treaties of Versailles and of Locarno and remilitarized it, to make the German military presence strong in this regions.
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7milion deaths
-
CULTURAL HEGEMONY IDEA
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Agreement between Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain, and Édouard Daladier → Allies accept the remilitarization of the Rhineland and recognize the legitimization of the Anschluss, and also concede the Sudetenland to Germany
The British Prime Minister ‘peace for our time’.
● believed that they could use Mussolini to reach diplomatic solutions with Hitler. They were wrong: Hitler had his way in the East. In May 1939, Italy and Germany formed the Pact of Steel, a precursor to the invasion of Poland. -
The largest irredentist minorities in Europe, however, were Germans living outside Germany → Germany had had the largest amount of irredentist minorities outside its borders
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Nazi and Stalin partitioned Poland
-
Hitler+mussolini, basis for axis powers (Germany, IT, JAP)
-
Franco was the only
leader to negotiate with
Hitler, remain neutral -
WWII marks the beginning of decolonization and of the Cold War.
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Marxist alternative to soviet communism - Red terror, anti-stalinist, martyr, failed to defeat stalin
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Britain stood alone in the West and the Soviet Union in the East.
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In June 1941, Hitler attacked the Soviet Union (“Operation
Barbarossa”), after having successfully invaded France.
He was hoping for a quick victory that would bring Britain to
the bargaining table.
2. Hitler was stopped in Stalingrad in the summer of 1942,
and then had to endure a Russian winter, losing in
February 1943. This defeat was the key to the end of the
war in Europe. -
post-Versailles reconstructed Europe governed by Germany, ruled by fascist ideology, and organized according to racial criteria
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held in Crimea when the soviets are 100 miles outside of Berlin and when the Allies haven’t crossed the Rhine. At this time, the US not confident that the atomic bomb would work, sought Soviet help in Japan. This would be followed by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria (as a result of the conference)
-
here the big three make the decision to divide Germany into 4 different zones of occupation, and to concede that the Soviet Union would have a free hand in the territories it liberated.
○ change of actors: Stalin, Churchill replaced by Clement Attlee, and Roosevelt replaced by Harry S. Truman -
Korea had been partitioned at the 38th Parallel
between the United States and the Soviet Union. -
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speaks at the UN and convinces the General Assembly to condemn a South African law that denied citizenship to Indians established there.
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Gandhi Poster, The first anti-colonial movement that becomes a mass movement. India becomes a point of reference for later decolonizing countries as a country that begins decolonization but also Nehru will become a key figure in the Cold War in the non-aligned movement.
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create two independent states (India and Pakistan), Cyril Radcliffe. two-way mass exodus:
1. Hindus, Christians and other religious minorities feering Muslim rule going to India
2. Muslims going to Pakistan.
· The movement of refugees: over 15M people crossed the borders between India and Pakistan in the single largest mass migration in human historyThe movement of refugees: over 15M people crossed the borders between India and Pakistan in the single largest mass migration in human history -
Indo-Pakistan Wars of 1947-48 and 1965, as well as ongoing tensions. India-Pakistan border remains one of the most heavily militarised borders in the world
-
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Plan Dalet (from March 1948) = military strategy by the Haganah, the Israeli paramilitary force, to destroy and depopulate Palestinian population centres.
-
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In June 1950, the Soviet-backed armies of Kim Il-Sun invaded
South Korea and dominated the Peninsula.
Although Stalin did not expect the United States to defend the
regime, the United States responded by orchestrating a
massive landing near Seoul. -
-
US overthrows the democratically elected leader of Iran, Mossadegh, and was replaced by a king that was going to protect US interests
-
US CIA operations sponsored a coup against the democratically elected government of Jacobo Árbenz (leader of a coalition of leftist parties, revolutionary government). The government was deposed after passing a land reform legislation granting peasant then-uncultivated land.
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Asia-Africa, 29 independent countries were present. In total, they made up over half of the world’s population.
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Cuba was a single-crop agriculture (sugar) → having links with american sugar industry allowed Batista for some degree of control of the island that was only challenged by Castro’s revolutionary movement
· Castro expropriated American sugar firms, Banks, large industrial enterprisesnationalization
● Castro traveled to the US to gather support for his revolution → the US responded to his revolution with a trade embargo ⇒ Cuba turns to the Soviet Union, -
In the 1960s, the CIA backed a number of coups. The US later aligned themselves with dictators of what came to be know as ‘national security states’:
● Brazil (1964), Bolivia (1964), Uruguay (1972), Chile (1973), and Argentina (1976)
● participation of local forces in each of these countries aligned more or less with US interests. -
made illegal discrimination based upon race in the US, ending formal segregation in the South
-
began in Berkeley in 1964 and continued during the 1960s
-
(One Dimensional Man, 1964)Marcuse claimed that Soviet communism and Western
capitalism represented “The Establishment”, which
promoted a one-directional, technology-driven, repressive
world. -
gave equal voting rights to blacks in state and local elections (the 13th and 14th amendments to the US constitution had only extended voting rights and prevented discrimination on a national level)
-
8-10M workers went on strike giving the movement the intensity
and potential it lacked elsewhere -
police shot dead protesters and arrested thousands in the Plaza de las Tres Culturas.
-
(the spark to the revolution in Paris of May 1968)
● Students from this campuses were recruited to go to Vietnam and did not want to go, also at this time soldiers were coming back from Vietnam and explained how it was, furthering the strength of this movement
● The Columbia protests followed on the heels of the Tet Offensive, a large military campaign during the Vietnam War that made clear that the conflict was going to last a long time -
It is estimated that 30% of students were engaged. The Prague Spring saw an alliance between students and trade unions to represent the broad situation of Czechoslovakia (part of the URSS). It represented the wishes and dreams of the greater part of society. Poland, Hungary, Moscow... were looking at the situation in the country thinking that those reforms would have to be applied elsewhere (threatened) ⇒ Following the August invasion, 60% of students were mobilized in protest.
-
the police killed thousands of non-violent protesters in Beijing’s
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after West Pakistani occupation during Operation Searchlight ⇒ resentment of East Pakistan towards control of West Pakistan
-
Allende had also attempted to pass a massive program of land reform which angered interests within Chile that were contrary to land reform
● Pinochet responsible of 3,000 deaths. There were also exiles -
this Pope went backwards with anti-communism, anti-LGBT discourse, marginalization inside the Catholic church...
-
attack on the welfare state
● The country was suffering with economic crisis ⇒ decline of the British population purchasing power ⇒ Margaret was a great supporter of the free market (“caring taxes”), but unemployment was not reduced during her mandate. Probably she got into power because of the left side internal division
● Leads to electoral victory of Reagan in the US → reducing government spending but both him and Thatcher spent more in the army industry than in the welfare state -
Major counter-revolutionary events in 1979
-
rise of Islamic fundamentalism On March 8 1979, women protested in Ayatollah Khomeini’s decree requiring all women to wear the hijab in public. More than 100,000 women gathered in the streets of Tehran ⇒ it overthrew the monarch and established the Islamic Republic of Iran
● Leads to the Iran-Iraq War of 1981-89 and the rise of Saddam Hussein and his quasi-fascist Arab nationalism -
and independent and anti-communist trade union in Poland. It represented a renewed challenge to Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe.
● Catholicism was vital for the strikes and organized by Solidarity. Through it, Popes were able to assert their solidarity en masse and in public.
● Catholicism was powerful in binding workers together -
The Soviet-Afghan War (1983) ended in 1989 with the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. They were unable to crush the US-backed Afghan mujahideen insurgency.
-
Perestroika (restructuring): reform of central planning and democratization of the Communist Party. It meant cleansing the bureaucracy, arms reduction, and modernizing socialism to do away with corruption and ineffectiveness.
● Glasnost (openness): broad freedoms of speech and assembly, release of political dissidents, and extension of national self-determination to the Baltic states.
○ It allowed for free speech and opened the Soviet archives (transparent) -
Chernobyl ⇒ huge environmental impact + demonstrates that the Soviet infrastructure wasn’t working as they were supposed to
-
Unkept promises of WWII ⇒ frustration ⇒ revolutions 1989
