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Martial law imposed. Many of Solidarity's leaders, including Walesa, are imprisoned.
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Provisional National Defence Council established with Rawlings as chairman.
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First phase of Economic Recovery Program introduced with World Bank and International Monetary Fund support. Rawlings adopts conservative economic policies, abolishing subsidies and price controls, privatising many state enterprises and devaluing the curr
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National Commission for Democracy, established to plan the democratization of Ghana's political system.
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Chernobyl nuclear power station explodes, showering large areas in Ukraine, Belarus and beyond with radioactive material.
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Soviet Union and US agree to scrap intermediate-range nuclear missiles; Boris Yeltsin dismissed as Moscow party chief for criticising slow pace of reforms.
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Gorbachev replaces Gromyko as president; challenges nationalists in Kazakhstan, the Baltic republics, Armenia and Azerbaijan; special Communist Party conference agrees to allow private sector.
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Elections for new district assemblies begin in early december to february
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Round-table talks between Solidarity, the Communists and the Catholic Church. Partially free elections see widespread success for Solidarity, which helps form coalition government.
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November - Peaceful mass protests and strikes gain momentum. The Civic Forum, a broad antigovernment coalition, formed. CPCz leadership resigns. Federal Assembly abolishes Communists' constitutional hold on power.
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Cummunism collapses in Czechoslovakia