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1419
Henry, king of Portugal, founded the Navigation school
Prince Henry's school of navigation resulted in a breakthrough for Portuguese navigation. -
1440
The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press
Gutenbergs although he was far from the first to automate the book-printing process. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of Constantinopla
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Oct 12, 1492
Discovery of America
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Jun 7, 1494
Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas
The governments of Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in Spain in which it was created. -
Mar 3, 1513
Ponce de Leon discovers Florida
Ponce de León decided to invest much of his earnings in exploring the lands north of Puerto Rico and arrived in Florida. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther begins the Reformation in Wittenberg
Marín Luther published a document he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95 Theses. -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther posts the 95 Theses
95 Theses against papal indulgences, or the atonement of sins through monetary payment, on the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany. -
1521
Cortes conquers Aztec Empire
Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conqueror, who is remembered for conquering the Aztec Empire claiming Mexico for Spain. -
Jan 3, 1521
Pope excommunicated Luther
Pope Leo X issues the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, which excommunicates Martin Luther from the Catholic Church. -
1531
English king, Henry VIII starts the Church of England
Henry VIII created the Church of England as a religious body unique from the Roman Catholic Church in order to achieve his goal of divorcing his first wife. -
1533
Ignatius Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
The first Jesuits–Ignatius and six of his students–took vows of poverty and chastity and made plans to work for the conversion of Muslims. -
May 23, 1533
Henry VIII seeks to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
Driven by lust, Henry sought to seek an annulment from his first wife Catherine. -
Aug 29, 1533
Pizarro conquers Inca Empire
Pizarro's bold victory at Cajamarca, however, effectively marked the end of the Inca Empire and the beginning of the European colonization of South America. -
1534
Parliament approves the formation of the English Church (Act of Supremacy)
The Act of Supremacy defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England. -
1536
John Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion:
His book is considered a defining book of the Reformation and a pillar of Protestant theology. -
May 23, 1537
Pope Paul III begins the Council of Trent
The Council of Trent was a general council of Christendom which gathered to resolve the religious differences created by the Protestant revolt. -
1540
Coronado discovers Arizona, Texas, Kansas and New Mexico
Coronado led a major Spanish expedition up Mexico's western coast and into the region that is now the southwestern United States. -
1545
Council of Trento mandates reforms in Catholic Church
The Council of Trent reaffirmed the authority and centrality of the Catholic Church, reformed abuses within the Church, codified scripture, established seminaries for a better-educated clergy, and condemned the Protestant Reformation as heresy. -
Aug 25, 1555
Peace of Augsburg recognizes the Lutheran Church
It was the first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany. -
Thomas Newcomen
He invented the steam engine to remove water faster and automatically from the mines -
Seven Years’ War
The French and Indian War was the North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France known as the Seven Years' War. -
James Hargreaves
He invented the Spinning jenny, with this invention eight threads could be spunt at a time, rather than a singles threads using a spinning wheel. -
James Watt
Watt's steam engine, this machine technology converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. The boiler heats the water until it turns into steam. -
Boston Tea Party
The colonists dumped a charge of British tea into Boston harbor in protest at the Crown's attempt at taxation. In response, the government introduced a series of measures known as 'Intolerable Acts'. -
Abraham Darby
He invented sand casting. Sand mold casting is a metal casting process known for using sand as the mold material. -
First Continental Congress
The First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Delegates from twelve colonies met to discuss America's future under growing British aggression. -
Battle of Concord and Lexington
The Battles of Concord and Lexington were the first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War. -
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th- century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that unites in support of the American Revolutionary War. -
Usa Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence, by issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress. The 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. -
George Washington crosses the Delaware
At about 11 p.m. on Christmas, Washington's army commenced its crossing of the half-frozen river at three locations. The 2,400 soldiers led by Washington successfully braved the icy and freezing river and reached the New Jersey side of the Delaware just before dawn. -
Saratoga Battle
It gave the Americans a decisive victory against the British forces. These battles were important because they convinced France to support them as an ally of the United States. -
French Treaty for Alliance
French soldiers helped to reinforce the continental army at the final battle of Yorktown. The Spanish also sent supplies to the colonies during the Revolutionary War. -
Samuel Crompton
He invented the Mule-Jenny, combined the elements of Jenny and frame, the latter could make the finest and most resistant thread. -
British Surrendered in Yorktown
British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army of some 8,000 men to General George Washington at Yorktown, giving up any chance of winning the Revolutionary War. -
Henry Cort
He introduced two new procedures: puddling and rolling. -
Edmund Cratwright
He invented mechanical loom that is faster and more efficient than the existing ones. The machine was patented in 1785, although design flaws made it virtually useless. -
Louis XVI calls the Estates General
The political and financial situation in France had grown rather bleak, forcing Louis XVI to summon the Estates General. -
The French Revolution
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Tennis Court Oath
There they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France. -
Storming of the Bastille
A state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob -
Louis XVI amd Marie Antoinette captured at Varennes
The king and his family were eventually arrested in the town of Varennes, 31 miles from their ultimate destination, the heavily fortified royalist citadel of Montmédy. -
Eli Whitney
He invented the cotton shelling machine, this simple machine is to mechanize the production of cotton fiber -
Execution of Louis XVI
He was brought to trail for treason and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. His wife, Mary Antoinette, was executed in the same way nine months later. -
Nicolas Appert
He presented his invention of placing food in glass bottles covered with corks fastened with wire and sealed with wax or sealing wax and then putting them in boiling water for a while. -
Coup d´etat of Brumaire
Coup d'état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate, making way for the despotism of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Richard Trevithick
He built the first steam locomotive. The locomotive had a single cylinder, it had a flywheel and the transmission of force to the wheels was carried out by gears. -
Victory of Austerlitz
The decisive victory of Napoleon's Grande Armée at Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end, with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month. -
R. Fulton
He created the steamboat, but it was not until 1807 that Robert Fulton carried out the construction and commercialization of the first steamboat in history. -
Beginning of the Spanish War of Independence
Started in Spain with the Dos de Mayo Uprising on 2 May 1808 in Madrid and spread across the country. The Spaniards revolted because they saw Ferdinand VII as the successor of Charles IV. -
Battle of Bailen
This battle was the first open-field defeat of a Napoleonic army. The heaviest fighting took place near Bailén a village by the Guadalquivir river in the Jaén province of southern Spain. -
Luddite rebellion in Great Britain
Modern Luddites do indeed invent machines, in the form of computer viruses, cyberworms and other malware, to disrupt the technologies that trouble the -
Battle of the Nations (Leipzig)
The unified armed forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden prevailed in a decisive victory over Napoleon and his allies on German soil. -
Exile of Napoleon in Elba
Elba meant exile for Napoleon, but it was no prison. Napoleon specifically chose it because it had good weather and defenses, and he took up residence in a villa with harbor views built by the Medicis in the 1700s. -
Battle of Waterloo
The decisive battle of its age, it concluded a war that had raged for 23 years, ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroyed Napoleon's imperial power forever. -
Napoleon‘s death at St. Helena
Napoleon spent more than five years on the island, arriving in October 1815. It's where he created his myth, dictated his memoirs and battled chronic pain from old battlefield injuries and, possibly, fatal stomach cancer. -
George Stephenson
Stephenson built his first locomotive for the Killingworth mine: the Blücher. -
Michael Faraday
He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnetic field, invented the first electric motor and dynamo, demonstrated the relation between electricity and chemical bonding, discovered the effect of magnetism on light. -
John Deere
John Deere was a blacksmith who developed the first commercially successful, self-scouring steel plow and founded the company that still bears his name. -
Samuel Morse
He invented the Telegraph, there were signaling systems that enabled people to communicate over distances. -
Antonio Meucci
He was the inventor of the telephone, despite the fact that historically the creation of the device was attributed to the American of Scottish origin, Alexander Graham Bell. -
Henry Bessemer
He revolutionized steel production thanks to an air-based iron decarbonization system. Thus, he managed to lower costs and manufacture a more resistant and lighter steel on a large scale. -
First subway of the world in London
The world's first underground railway opened in London in 1863, as a way of reducing street congestion. -
Charles Tellier
He invented the first industrial refrigeration machine; managed to condition a ship to transport refrigerated meat. -
Alexander Graham Bell
Bell was granted his telephone patent. A few days later, he made the first-ever telephone call to Watson, allegedly uttering the now-famous phrase. -
Thomas Alba Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. -
Karl Benz
He invented the automobile, the first automobile it was created with three wheels, one steering wheel and it was open, with no cover. -
Wright Brothers
Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright were the first men to make a controllable, powered, heavier-than-air aircraft sustain itself in flight. -
Napoleon crowned as emperor
Napoleon crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I at Notre Dame de Paris. According to legend, during the coronation he snatched the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself, thus displaying his rejection of the authority of the Pontiff. -
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