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1951-1958
• Vacuum tubes, used circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
• Machine language not possible for the human mind to read.
• High consumption of electricity and it failed often, the computers were not very reliable.
• The storage consisted of punch cards and tape as of 1957.
• Output displayed on printouts. -
Eckert and Machley
o created the first commercial computer, UNIVAC -
The SAGE
o Semi Automatic Ground Development was developed by IBM. -
Period: to
First Generation
In the First Generation of computers things like vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory, punch cards, tape, output displayed on printouts, electronic pulses ranging at up to one million a second, and scale digital computers. -
EDVAC
o Electronic Discreet Variable Computer developed by John Von Neumann. This computer had the first RAM which could store programs and data. -
IBM 701
o Systems computing functions consisted of electronic pulses ranging at up to one million a second. -
The Whirlwind
o A large scale digital computer. -
1954-1964
• Computers became smaller
• Started generating less heat
• Electricity consumption lower
• More reliable and faster
• Core memory developed
• Magnetic tapes and disks used
• First operating systems developed
• A new processing method was needed.
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes
o Transistor: A device that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit
o One transistor is equivalent to 40 vacuum tube -
Period: to
Second Generation
During the second generation less heat was conducted, computers became more reliable and faster, core memory was developed, mini computers were as big as a fridge, transistors were used, more than 100 computers per month were ordered,and a programming language was necessary. -
Minicomputer: PDP-8
o About as big as a fridge
o Used transistors
o Magnetic core memory. -
IBM’s System 360
• 6 processors
• 40 peripheral units
• More than 100 computers per month were ordered -
BASIC (programming language)
• A programming language was necessary that could be used in a time-sharing environment and that could serve as a training language. -
Real-time reservation system
• IBM (International Business Machines) developed a real-time computerised ticket reservation system for American Airways.
• It was smaller than SAGE ( and was called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment). -
1965-1970: Integrated Circuit
• Electronic circuit on small silicon chip
• Reliability
• Compactness
• Low cost
• Inexpensive
o Computers smaller, faster and more reliable
o Power consumption lower
o High-level languages appeared -
Gordon Moore
o Founder of Intel
o Semi-conductor pioneer
o Predicted that the number of transistors that occurred on a microchip would double every year
o Moore’s is still valid today -
Period: to
Third Generation
In the third generation you were most likely to see electronic circuits on small silicon chips, smaller, faster, more reliable computers, more sophisticated memory chips and the disappearance of the Magnetic Core Memory. -
Intel was founded (INTegrated Electronics)
• They developed more sophisticated memory chips. -
Magnetic core memory
o Replaced by a microchip.
• The first 256 bit RAM microchips (later the first 1Kb RAM chips:1024 byte)
o Caused the disappearance of the Magnetic Core Memory
Used Since the 1950’s -
IBM System/370
• Replaced System/360 with System/370
o Only used integrated circuits. -
Microprocessor has been developed
Microprocessor Intel was developed -
Period: to
Fourth Generation
In the fourth generation microprocessor were developed, apple was released for jobs, Intel’s processor had 16-bit instead of 8- bit, the fist spread sheet, Window's 3.0 Mircosoft was released,and a double floppy disk . -
update
In 1972 Intel realest the 8 bit
In 1972 , CM/P was the first operating system in microprocessor
Motorola’s devolved an processor -
altair and apple
o Altair 8800- was popular mechanics ( was the true development in computers)
o Apple – Steve Wozniak founded the apple company
The motherboard was a single circuit board -
MOS
o MOS 65202 processor
o MOS announced the development of the 6502 processor
It was used in the designer of the apple 1997 -
apple
o Apple was now released for jobs -
more intel update
o intel’s processor had 16-bit instead of 8- bit -
Motorola
Motorola’s was used in apple called the ( Macintosh computers)
o The fist spread sheet
o Word star -
IBM PCIBM
IBM PCIBM
o Announced it’s fist personal computer -
IBM
o It had to improve
4,77 MHz processor speed
A double floppy disk
MS DOS version 3.3
Later versions also had 10 or 20 MB DISK Drives available
1990 -
mid 1990's
Mid 1990’s computers came indigent
o The also had applications -
Period: to
the 5th generation
the 5th generation -
some inprovments
o Parallel –processing
o Superconductors
o Export systems
o Speech recognitions -
Computers had characteristics like
o Problem-solving
o Robotics
o Expert systems
o Natural langue’s -
envierment 1990-2012
o user physically interacts with computer it created a envierment
o and now has improved -
problem solving
Initial state
Operator or successor function
State space
Path
Path cost
Goal test -
1990-2012 Robotics
o a device that controlled physical and manipulate its surroundings -
windows
o Windows 3.0
Microsoft released the new windows 3.0 -
Natural language
o Humans communicate in the language in their computers
