-
276 BCE
Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes was born in the Greek colony of Cyrene. -
276 BCE
Library of Alexandria
Eratosthenes was appointed to chief librarian of the famous Library of Alexandria. -
240 BCE
Major Discovery
Eratosthenes discovered the calculation of earth’s circumference. -
165 BCE
Earth's tilt
Eratosthenes discovered the calculation of the tilt of earth’s axis. -
194
Eratosthenes' End
Eratosthenes passed away. -
Feb 15, 1564
Galileo
Born in Pisa, Italy -
1574
Moved to Florence
where he was educated in a monastery -
1581
Studied medicine
from 1581 to 1585 at the University of Pisa -
Started teaching
mathematics at the University of Pisa -
Galileo started working
on explaining the cause of the tides. -
Galileo agreed with Copernicus
but never made it public, and also invented a mechanical device for mathematical calculations -
Observed a supernova in the sky
challenging Aristotle's claim that "no change could ever take place in the heavens" -
Started tutoring
Cosimo de Medici, the son of the Grand Duke of Tuscany -
He had seen
the four largest moons orbiting around Jupiter, opposing Ptolemaic theory that Earth is the center of all orbiting bodies -
Galileo published
"The Starry Messenger" which showed that Venus circled the Sun, not the Earth -
He published
his "Letters on Sunspots" -
Authorities of the Inquisition in Rome
banned all books that that argued in favor of a "Copernican Sun-centered model for the Solar System" -
Galileo gained permission
to publish his theory on the causes of tides -
The book
"Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems — Ptolemaic and Copernican" was published which held Galileo's theories -
In September
Galileo was charged with “vehement suspicion of heresy” and ordered to come to Rome for a trial -
Galileo published a book
outlining all of his ideas in Italian -
Galileo became blind
-
Galileo died
at the age of 77, in Florence -
Issac Newton
was born in Lincolnshire, England -
Newton
was sent to King's School -
Galileo's book
was converted into English as " Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences" -
Attended Cambridge University
-
He proved that
“white” light was composed of all colors, and started to figure out calculus and universal gravitation -
Graduate studies at Cambridge
-
Became a
professor of mathematics at Cambridge -
Newton published his book
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" -
Newton was made a knight by Queen Anne
-
Newton was
buried in London’s Westminster Abbey after his death -
Galileo was
buried in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce -
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was born. -
Charles Goes Out to Sea
Charles took part of the Beagle Voyage where he sailed to South America for documentation of the creatures that were found there. -
New Outlooks
Darwin spent the next 20 years or so brooding about the theological implications of his discoveries. Darwin spent a lot of his time contemplating on his religious beliefs and if they tied in to his theory, making the process of trying to regulate it a little bit more difficult. -
Darwin Returns Home
Darwin returned home and began to issue his theories. He began writing papers about his theories and discoveries. -
Specie Mutations
Darwin started creating his first theories on mutations and the evolution of animals within their species. -
"Descent of Modification"
Charles began drawing out his beliefs on how the human species had refined. -
Natural Selection
Charles began developing a paper for his theory, Natural Selection. -
Copley Medal
Darwin was presented the Copley medal which was the highest scientific award of the Royal Society of London. -
Marie Curie
was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867, as Maria Sklodowska -
Beginning
Alfred Wegener was born in Berlin. -
Evolution of Mold
As his theories developed, Darwin wrote a paper on the evolution of mold. -
Growing up
Maria grew up with her parents being educators and had always been fascinated with science. She was a good student and graduated high school at the age of 15 with top grades. -
Charles Darwin Passed Away
Charles Darwin suffered a heart attack and died on April 19, 1882. -
University of Paris
Maria soon went to pursue her studies at the Sorbonne and started signing her name as Marie. -
Physics Degree
Marie was the first woman to receive a degree in physics from the Sorbonne. -
Married
In July of 1895, Marie married Pierre Curie. The rented a small apartment and Marie carried on her studies at Sarbonne. -
Henry Hess
Henry Hess was born. -
First Born Child
In September of 1897, Marie gave birth to her first daughter, Irène. -
Polonium
Marie soon discovered a new element called "polonium". Later the Curies announced another new element called "radium" and described its property of matter with the new term "radioactive". -
Glowing
The Curies could finally see their products as they shined with a silvery-blue-green glow. -
Nobel Prize
Marie gained her doctorate degree in physics and was the first woman awarded with a PhD in France. Later Marie was also the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize. -
Eve
Marie gave birth to the Curies second daughter, Eve. -
University of Berlin
He received a PhD in astronomy from the University of Berlin. -
Widow
Pierre Curie was hit by a horse-drawn carriage and instantly died and Marie became a widow. -
New Age of Science
After Pierre's death, Marie picked up Pierre's work and a new age of science began to emerge. She then expressed her acceptance of Rutherford’s decay theory. -
Air Balloons
Alfred and his brother Kurt set a world record for spending the longest time in a balloon - 52 hours. Later in the year Alfred joined an expedition to Greenland to track polar air circulation. -
Continental Drift
Alfred found a world map where the east coast of South America fit
exactly against the west coast of Africa, as if they had been joined. -
Sweden
Marie was awarded with a second Nobel Prize for chemistry and became the first person to win two Noble Prizes. She traveled to Sweden with her two daughters to accept her prize. -
The Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere
Alfred co-wrote "The Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere" -
Einstein Visited
Einstein and his family visited Marie to discuss many scientific ideas. -
Radium Institute
Marie organized the Radium Institute, a research center in Paris and later in Warsaw where Marie served as director. -
Pangaea
Alfred then published "The Origin of Continents and Oceans" where he claimed that all the continents were once a single mass and he called it "Pangaea". -
Francis Crick
-
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin was born. -
University of Graz in Austria
Alfred became a professor in meteorology and geophysics
at the University of Graz in Austria. -
USS Cape Johnson
The USS Cape Johnson was given to Hess and he used it for scientific investigations. -
James Watson
James Watson was born. -
Another Expedition
He led another expedition to Greenland where he set up a yearlong "weather-monitoring equipment at three stations on the glacier". -
The End
Alfred passed away on his return trip to the west to the coast. -
The End
Marie Curie unfortunately died in 1934. -
PhD
Rosalind Franklin had received her PhD from Cambridge in physical chemistry. -
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Other researchers found a huge rift that ran along the top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which enabled Hess to "understand his ocean floor profiles in the Pacific". -
DNA
She started at King’s College where she focused her studies on DNA. -
Francis Crick & Crystallography
Francis Crick was working on his PhD in the crystallography of proteins. -
James Watson & Cambridge
At the age of 23, Watson was at Cambridge as a post doctorate fellow in biology with limited knowledge of chemistry. -
Franklin's Diffraction Images
Using her diffraction images, Franklin rationed that: 1) DNA takes two forms (shorter-dryer and longerwetter), 2) the sugar-phosphate backbones must be on the outside, and 3) the molecule looks the same upside down or right side up. -
Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Wilkins, Franklin's college, showed Watson one of the diffraction images Franklin had recorded without telling Franklin
or asking her permission. -
DNA=Helix
Watson knew from seeing Franklin’s photograph that DNA had to be
a helix with certain dimensions. He then started working on drawings and models trying to prove his theory. -
The Secret of Life
Watson and Crick finally figured out that: If two of the bases were bonded in pairs (G with C), they took up the same space as the other pair (A with T). Knowing this proves that the molecules could be arranged in the form of a helix. -
Tobacco Mosaic Virus & Polio
Franklin made important discoveries about the tobacco mosaic virus and polio. -
"A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid”
Issue of Nature published Watson and Crick's article, “A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid.” -
Watson & Harvard
Watson returned to the United States, researching at Harvard. -
Franklin Passed Away
Franklin unfortunately died from ovarian cancer at the age of 37 in London so she was not able to share the Nobel Prize. -
Double Helix Structure
Scientists generally embraced the double helix as the structure
of DNA. -
Nobel Prize
Wilkins, Watson, and Crick received the Nobel Prize in
medicine/physiology for their work. -
"History of Ocean Basins"
Hess published his theory in "History of Ocean Basins" which then became "seafloor spreading". -
200,000 Years
"Geophysicists realized that Earth’s magnetic field had reversed polarity many times, with each reversal lasting less than
200,000 years". -
Hess' Death
Hess assisted to plan the U.S. space program and then died of a heart attack on August 25, 1969. -
Human Genome Project
Watson helped establish the Human Genome Project in the early
1990s. -
Crick Passed Away
Crick continued his research in England until he moved to the
Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, where he died. -
Retirement
Watson then served as president of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, New York, until his retirement in 2007.