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Feb 18, 1516
Birth of Mary Tudor
Considered the second heir to the throne. -
Sep 7, 1533
Birth of Elisabeth (I)
Considered the third heir to the throne. -
Nov 3, 1534
Act Of Supremacy
Henri VIII becomes Supreme Head of the Church Of England after the Pope refused him a divorce with Catherine of Aragon -
Period: 1536 to 1541
Dissolution of monasteries
They were disbanded as the King deemed them bastions of "popery". The Crown appropriated their income and land (25% of England at the time.) -
Period: Oct 1, 1536 to Oct 1, 1537
Pilgrimages of Grace
Rebellions by the common people, the gentry and the clergy in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire met with a brutal repression.
They were against the dissolution of the monasteries and the Reformation,and demanded the restoration of the Pope and of Mary Tudor to the Royal Succession.
Economic grievances were also at the centre of the rebellions. -
1537
An English Bible
Permission was given for an English Bible and not a Latin one to undermine the Pope's power. They were soon made mandatory in every church. (Note: it didn't happen on January 1st but that's what happens when you don't enter a specific day) -
Oct 12, 1537
Birth of Edward VI
Considered the first heir to the throne, despite being the youngest. -
Period: Feb 20, 1547 to Jul 6, 1553
Reign of Edward VI
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1549
Mass publication of the Book of Common Prayers
A prostestant measure taken by Edward VI -
Period: 1553 to
The Poor Laws
The Poor Laws were passed in 1553, 1597 and 1601. They established the idea that central and local governments had a responsability in helping the poor, but made a clear distinction between the "deserving" and "underserving" kinds of poor. -
Period: Jun 7, 1553 to Nov 17, 1558
Reign of Mary Tudor / Bloody Mary
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Jul 6, 1553
Death of Edward VI
And the start of Mary Tudor's reign -
Jul 7, 1555
Bloody Mary
Mary I restored Catholicism in 18 months (against the actions of her father and half-brother). She declared Protestants heretics and so were burned at the stake. In total, more than 200 protestants met this tragic fate until 1558. -
Nov 17, 1558
Death of Mary Tudor
And the start of Elisabeth's reign -
Period: Nov 17, 1558 to
Reign of Elisabeth I
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1559
A New Legislation
1559:
- Act of Supremacy: Church organisation
-Act of Uniformity: Religious belief
1563-1571: the 39 articles of faith
Birth of the Anglican Church, a via media (middle way) between Catholics and Protestants (it kept Catholic features but added more Protestant ones).
But the Puritans wanted the Anglican Church to go further on with Protestantism, while the Catholics were against these new religious reforms and wanted Catholicism back. -
Feb 25, 1570
Elizabeth's Excommunication
The Pope Pius V issued the papal bull and excommuniated Elizabeth, calling her a heretic. -
1571
Treason Acts
Anyone contesting Elizabeth's legitimacy as Queen is now considered a traitor. -
1581
The Repression of Catholics
The 1581 act called for the death penalty for any person converting or converted to Catholicism; it was forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic mass and Anglican services were compulsory (£ 20 per month fine). -
The Babington Plot
A plot devised by young Catholics to kill the Queen and allow Mary, Queen of Scots to take her place. They were discovered by Francis Walsingham when he successfully deciphered a coded letter between Mary and the group. -
Execution of Mary Stuart
In 1568, she was involved in a civil war in Scotland and had to fly to England. Elizabeth granted her shelter but kept her under close watch and Mary was imprisoned during 19 years. She was convicted for complicity of he Babington plot and sentenced to death. -
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Philip II, Catholic King of Spain, encouraged several plots against Elizabeth I, while she gave her support to the Dutch Revolt against Spain. Thus, the King of Spain attempted to invade England but failed, as England had material and human advantages. The weather also helped tilt the balance in Elizabeth's favor. -
Death of Elisabeth I
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Period: to
James I of England and VI of Scotland's reign
James I of England was Mary Queen of Scots' son. He became King of Scotland in 1567. -
The Gunpowder Plot
James I continued Elizabeth's harsh repressive laws, while the Catholics had placed high hopes in him (He was the son of Catholic Queen Mary Stuart). In response, a small group of Catholics (Guy Fawkes was one of the members) decided to blow up Parliement and kill James I, but failed. -
The Great Contract
Not only did James I inherit a £100000 debt from Elizabeth when he was crowned king, but his extravangant behavior made it worse (He threw lavish parties and gave his friends expensive gifts). So, he tried to pass The Great Contract: Parliament would have to give him a fixed sum at regular intervalls. Some members feared that this would mean the King would not need to call Parliament anymore. Thus, the House of Commons refused to vote in favour of the Great Contract, angering James I. -
The King James Bible
A translated version of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, -
Period: to
The Thirty Years War
England was at war with Spain and France. It had important consequences : a lot of troops needed to be raised (which had an important impact on the local population) and it was a huge strain on finances. -
Period: to
Charles I's reign
He favored a minority wing of Anglicans: the Arminians. -
The Petition of Rights
The Members of Parliament requested the King to recognize the illegality of the extra-parliamentary taxation and acts he had been making (bulleting, martial laws, imprisonment without trial...). They wanted to get Charles I to recognise that there were limits to his power. The king signed it but was furious. -
Dissolution of Parliament
Parliament declared that whoever tried to bring "popery or arminianism" or alter protestant reforms was an enemy of the Kingdom, and that anyone advising the King to collect custom duties without the Parliament consent was an act of defiance.
The king had enough and dissolved Parliament. -
Period: to
The Personal Rule
11 years during which the King ruled without consulting Parliament.
Archibishop Laud (Arminian) was determined to impose uniformity in church practice, which made him extremely impopular for many protestants because they saw his reforms as a return to Catholicism. -
Period: to
The Scottish Crisis
The introduction of the New Prayer Book (Book of Common Prayer) sparks conflict in Scotland. -
The Bishops War
Petition oppossing Charles' religious policy: the Scottish National Covenant. Scotland and England both started to form an army. -
Peace Treaty
The Scots invaded England and emerged victorious. With the treaty of Ripon: Charles was forced to pay the cost of the Scots' army -
Period: to
The Short Parliament
Charles I called Parliament for the first time in 11 (He needed money to fight the Scots during the Scottish Crisis). Charles I dissolved that Parliament after 3 weeks. -
Period: to
Long Parliament
It lasted from 1640 until 1660. In September 1640, King Charles I issued writs summoning a parliament to convene on 3 November 1640. He intended it to pass financial bills, a step made necessary by the costs of the Bishops' Wars in Scotland. The Long Parliament received its name from the fact that, by Act of Parliament, it stipulated it could be dissolved only with agreement of the members; and those members did not agree to its dissolution until 16 March 1660 -
The Irish Rebellion
Irish Catholics rebels rose up against Protestants settlers (massacre of 4000 protestants, but rumored to be 20 000 and accompanied by atrocities) -
The Grand Remontrance
An important document voted by Parliament after heated debates. It summarized all the wrongdoings of Charles I and concluded on "revolutionary" demands -
Charles I in the House of Common
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attepted to arrest 5 Members of the Parliament. He failed to do so and brought the country on the brink of Civil War -
Charles I declares war on Parliament
Charles declares war on Parliament by raising his standard in Nottingham. The country is forced to choose between two camps: Royalists (known as Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads). -
Period: to
First Civil War
A fight between the Royalists ("Cavaliers"), who supported the King, and the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads"), who believed that the Parliament should make the laws. -
The New Model Army
A new and improved army was created; it was a national/centralized army, among other things -
The King and Royalists surrendered to the Scots
It marked the end of the first Civil War -
The New Model Army seizes the King
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The King escapes from custody
He then allies himself with the Scots -
Period: to
Second Civil War
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Period: to
Rump Parliament
The English Parliament after Colonel Thomas Pride purged the Long Parliament, on 6 December 1648, of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high treason. It was dissolved by Cromwell. -
Period: to
Early Restauration
King Charles II returned from exile in continental Europe. -
Execution of Charles I
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Period: to
The Interregnum
The Interregnum (literally meaning "between reign" in Latin) was the period between the execution of Charles I and the arrival of his son Charles II in London which marked the start of the Restoration. -
Period: to
The Commonwealth
The Monarchy and House of Lords was abolished and England was declared a Commonwealth (republic) -
Cromwell defeated the Scottish Army
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Period: to
The Cromwellian Protectorate
The Protectorate was the period during the Commonwealth (or, to monarchists, the Interregnum) during which England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the English overseas possessions were governed by a Lord Protector as a republic. -
The Instrument of Government
On December 16, 1653, Cromwell accepts the Instrument of Government, England's first and only written constitution. -
Death of Oliver Cromwell
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Act of Uniformity
An Act of the Parliament of England. ... It prescribed the form of public prayers, administration of sacraments, and other rites of the Established Church of England, according to the rites and ceremonies prescribed in the Book of Common Prayer. -
Death of Charles II
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The Bill Of Rights
The first 10 Amendments to the American Constitution. -
Acts of Union of 1707
The Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland—which at the time were separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch—were, in the words of the Treaty, "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain". -
Period: to
George I's reign
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Period: to
George II's reign
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Period: to
The Seven Years War
The last major conflict before the French Revolution to involve all the great powers of Europe. -
Period: to
George III's reign
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Declaration of Independence
The Thirteen colonies win the war for their independence and become the United States of America. -
Treaty of Paris
The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America.
Only Article 1 of the treaty, which acknowledges the United States' existence as a free, sovereign, and independent state, remains in force. -
Irish Rebellion of 1789
An uprising against British rule in Ireland, influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions.
The rebels are defeated and the repression is violent. -
Acts of Union
Is created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
They merged the Parliament of Ireland into the
Parliament of the UK.