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Henry VIII was born in 1491, the son oh Henry VII (The first Tudor king)
Henry was 17 when he became king in 1509. He died in 1547. -
Annulled
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Martin Luther wrote the famous text that marks the start of the European Reformation -
He was excommunicated in 1521 and was declared a heretic. -
William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English -
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The act in restrain of appeals gave the King the legal power to annul marriages.
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Executed
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made Anne Boleyn a legitimate Queen -
the king was late ‘supreme head of the church of england” (separate from the Rome and catholic church) -
Under Henry VIII's reign, the church of England separated from from the Roman Catholic Church. This is called Schism -
Died
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The dissolution process was interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. These were the greatest rebellions ever faced by a Tudor monarch.
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They were disbanded and the Crown appropriated their income and land (and at the time Church owned 25% of the land!)
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Divorced
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Executed
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Mary Queen of Scots was the daughter of King James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. She was raised in France as a catholic, widow of the french king Francis II.
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held in the Italian city of Trent = the symbol of hunter Reformation
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o the Roman Catholic church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church
o and harshly condemned protestant heresies -
Edward VI was 15 when he died from tuberculosis in 1553
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Revision of the mass-book, led to the publication of the Book of Common Praye -
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In 1553, Mary I (Tudor) became the first Queen of England
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heretics were burned between 1555 and 1558
Under Mary’s brief reign, over 200 Protestants went to the stake (were burnt alive). -
born in 1533
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Abolished the authority of the pope
Restored the authority of the queen over the Church
She became “supreme Governor of the Church of England” -
Every Paris had to use the book of common prayer
People who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
"Married to the Kingdom"
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Elizabeth wanted to return protestantism, Between 1559 and 1563, she passed new legislation.
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Travelling through the South of England, the Midlands, etc. Each year between 1559 and 1579
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Robert Dudley was married at the time, but his wife had breast cancer.
William Cecil did not approve. He spread a nasty rumour: Robert
Dudley wanted to poison his wife! When she was indeed found dead (cancer? Suicide?), her husband was suspected. -
Sated the doctrine (religious belief) of the church
3 important changes: a new ecclesiology -
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o Rebellion against religious reforms.
o 6000 insurgents.
o An attempt to replace Queen Elizabeth by Mary, Queen of Scots.
o The revolt was led by the Earls of Westmorland and Northumberland. -
Catholics were tolerated before 1570.
But after 1570, they were persecuted. -
Pope plus V issued the papal bull “remnants in Excels” (la bulle papale, un texte provenant du Pape):
It called Elizabeth “ The so called queen” “a heretic favouring heretics”
=almost giving Catholics license to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a Crome by Rome. -
The 1571 Treasons Act made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales
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It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
Anglican services were compulsory: 20 pound per month fine. -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
She was executed because she was a threat to Elizabeth.
She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
The King of Spain attempted to invade England which was a complete defeat, England was victorious. -
The queen made this speech in Tilbury, Essex, in order to rally
the troops who were preparing to repel the invasion of the
Spanish Armada:
“I know I have the body of a weak woman but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and a King of England too”. -
He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots (who had been executed by Elizabeth) -
He was crowned King of England in 1603 on Elizabeth’s death
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Religion, Finance and war
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A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I. -
Virginia became the 1st permanent English settlement in North America
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The Great Contract was a plan submitted to James I and Parliament in 1610 by Robert Cecil. It was an attempt to increase Crown income and ultimately rid it of debt.
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a new English translation of the Bible -
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle, famine, and disease, while some areas of what is now modern Germany experienced population declines of over 50%.
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James I died on this day in 1625. He was 58 years old and the first monarch to unite the crowns of Scotland and England. -
Petition of Right was petition sent by the English Parliament to King Charles I complaining of a series of breaches of law. -
Declared that whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” or to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England was an enemy of the Kingdom
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“The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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Archbishop Laud (Arminian) was determined to impose uniformity in church practice
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The changes were deemed unacceptable so the New Prayer book set Scotland aflame.
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The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup d'état, led by the Irish Catholic gentry. -
The Grand Remonstrance, was originally known, in over 200 clauses, what Parliament saw as the king's abuses of power. -
tensions between King and Parliament under King James and King Charles I that lead to the English civil wars
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A new army created by the Parliaments -
The Battle of Naseby was fought on 14 June 1645 during the British Civil Wars. Sir Thomas Fairfax, Captain-General of Parliament’s New Model Army, led his troops to victory over King Charles I. -
After starting the war well, Charles' Royallist forces face defeat. Fearing capture by the Parliamentary army, Charles surrenders to the Covenanters. -
the New Model Army seized the King.
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the King escaped from army custody and allied himself with the Scots
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Colonel Pride (Army) entered the House of Commons, stopped the vote and arrested the 45 conservative leader MPs.
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The Interregnum was the period between the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649 and the arrival of his son Charles II in London on 29 May 1660 which marked the start of the Restoration.
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The Commonwealth was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when England and Wales, later along with Ireland and Scotland, were governed as a republic after the end of the Second English Civil War and the trial and execution of Charles I.
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Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651, and King of England, Scotland and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685.
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On his 30th birthday Charles II returns to London from exile in the Netherlands to claim the English throne after the Puritan Commonwealth comes to an end -
The Act of Uniformity 1662 is an Act of the Parliament of England. -
The Great Plague of London, lasting from 1665 to 1666, was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England. It happened within the centuries-long Second Pandemic, a period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics that originated in Central Asia in 1331 (the first year of the Black Death), and included related diseases such as pneumonic plague and septicemic plague, which lasted until 1750. -
The Popish Plot was a fictitious conspiracy invented by Titus Oates that between 1678 and 1681 gripped the Kingdoms of England and Scotland in anti-Catholic hysteria. -
The Exclusion Crisis ran from 1679 until 1681 in the reign of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland.
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The glorious revolution is the sequence of events leading to the deposition of King James II and VII of England and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic. -
In 1689 Parliament declared that James had abdicated by deserting his kingdom. William (reigned 1689-1702) and Mary (reigned 1689-94) were offered the throne as joint monarchs.
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The Bill of Rights 1689 is an iron gall ink manuscript on parchment. It is an original Act of the English Parliament and has been in the custody of Parliament since its creation -
The Act of Settlement of 1701 was designed to secure the Protestant succession to the throne, and to strengthen the guarantees for ensuring a parliamentary system of government. -
In September 1701 the exiled James II died, and Louis XIV proclaimed his son king of England -
During Queen Anne's reign, Scotland and England found it increasingly difficult to co-exist peacefully, for their separate parliaments had conflicting foreign and economic policies. Eventually, the situation became so unstable that the Union of the Crowns itself seemed to be in danger.
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The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act 1707 passed by the Parliament of Scotland.