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James Watt's steam engine
Watt went on to further refine his revolutionary design, so that Boulton & Watt steam engines could not only efficiently pump water, but drive machinery in paper, cotton, flour and iron mills, textile factories, distilleries, canals, waterworks and even drive an early steam locomotive. -
T. Newcomen's steam engine
The steam engine pump water by devising a method to generate power from atmospheric pressure. -
John Kay's flying shuttle
A production tool that allowed cotton to be woven at a greater scale and speed than by hand. -
James Hargreaves' spinning jenny
The device reduced the amount of work needed to produce cloth, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. -
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Military and financial aid for USA
The declaration of independence of the USA and its constitution defended the inalieable right of the citizenes, separation of powers, equally and freedom of all the individuals and right to choose a goverment. And France financed the American Revolution and they were ruined -
Richard Arkwright's water mill
The machine could spin large quantities of cotton yarn. -
S. Crompton's spinning mule
The machine made it easier to produce cotton yarn and thread. The spinning mule allowed one person to work more than 1,000 spindles at the same time. The machine not only made production faster, but it also produced a higher-quality yarn. -
Edmund Cartwright's power loom
It significantly reduced the cost of production and increased factories' profits. -
The Tennis Court Oath
·Representatives of the 3rd estate met in the Tennis Court and proclamed themseleves the National Assembly
·They swore to be assambled to write a constitution for french men
·The Assambly was Supported by people in Paris -
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Economic and Financial crisis
The main causes of the economcal crisis are related to bad harvests, rise in prices, lack of money... -
Declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen
The national Convention Assembly made some legal reform: feudal rights were abolizhed (pesantry) and teh Declaration of the Rights of Man and the citizen -
The great fear
The Great Fear (French: la Grande Peur) was a wave of panic that swept the French countryside. Fearful of plots by aristocrats to undermine the budding French Revolution (1789-1799), peasants and townspeople mobilized, attacking manorial houses -
Estates General and votes per estate
Each Estate in the Estates General received one vote as a whole group. The First and Second Estates often agreed on issues and would out-vote the Third Estate, two to one -
Enlightment
The burgeoisie took the enlightenment prinples to defeat the absolutism and the Estates of the realm. New forms to organize the society and the goverment With the french revolution -
The storm of the Bastille
It was an iconic conflict of the French Revolution. On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison -
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Constitutional monarchy
Moderate bourgeoisie proporsals: end of the Ancient Regime, a parlament by census suffrage and a constitution -
Constitution
Constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, separation of powers limited male suffrage (men with certain wealth, in a census) -
The flight to Varenes
The royal family with some servants tried to escape. They made it as far as Varenes, near the northern borde, were they were recogniser and takein to Paris -
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Legislative Assambly
·New constitution: end of privileges, guilds...
·The members sat aqcording to their idealogy
·The king had the right of vote
·The National Guard was created to defend the Revolution
·The Austrians and the aristocracy were a real threat
·The solve the financial problem: church properties were sold
·Civil Constitution: established the separation Church-state Worried about the actions of the National Assembly. the king and the queen, looked for help outside, specially in Austria -
Preventive war
France declared preventive war on Austria that invaded France -
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The social republic
·Some nations disliked the spread of Revolution (mainly Austria anad Prussia)
·Known events the common people (sans-culottes) attacked the Tuileries Palace and took the royal family. The Republic was declared
·New assembly is presented, elected by universal male suffrage: the National Convention -
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The Girondin Convention
·The National Convention voted to abloish the monarchy and make France a republic
·The radical Jacobins demanded that Louis should be judged for treason
·It was proved that Louis was plotting with foreign troops to crush the revolution
·European monarchies joined in a coalition to attack France
·The royalists prepared some counter-revolutionary plots to finish with the revolution and recover their privilegies -
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Jacobin Convention
·The most extermist period
·It was written a new constitution that recognised a universal male sufrage
·The executive power was applied by the Committee of public safety led by Maximiliane Robespierre
·Citizens were forced to join the Army by mass cospiration -
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The Terror
·Under the jacobins control, the gouvernment imposed a dictatorship to finis with conspiracies
·Some social laws ere introduced
·They tried to control the prices, specially the foods
·Land owned by the church were sold
·Primary education became conpolsory and free
·The final act of the Directory: The conspiration against Robespierre. He and some other jacobins were executed -
The execution of the king (Louis XVI)
King Louis XVI was sentenced to death by guillotine by the revolutionary government of the Convention declared guilty of "conspiracy against public liberty and attack on national security" -
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Conservative Republic (the Directory)
New moderated liberalism (moderated bourgeoisie - Napoleon) -
Constitution
A new goverment, of more moderate burgeoisie: the Directory. It included an elected legislative and a executive branch with five directors, to avoid dictatorship.
The constitution restricted the right to vote to men who could read and who owned a certain amount of property: Census Suffrage -
Coup d'etat
The violent overthrow or alteration of an exiting gouverment by a small group a military coup d'etat of the dictator.
The Directory ended, the last form of government of the French Revolution, and began the Consulate with Napoleon Bonaparte as leader. -
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The consulate
When the Directory proved to be ineffective, it was replaced by a Consulate, but it was soon dominated by Napoleon -
Consul
Napoleon Bonaparte become first Consul -
Constitution (Year VIII)
No separation of powers and no declaration of rights -
Luddites opposed mechanization in textile industry
The Luddites have been described as people violently opposed to technological change and the riots put down to the introduction of new machinery in the wool industry. Luddites were protesting against changes they thought would make their lives much worse, changes that were part of a new market system. -
Emperor
He crowned himself Emperor of France with general approval -
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Napoleon rules Europe
·French military and political leader
·He established hegemoney over most continental Europe
·One of the greatest military commanders of all time
·Wanted to spread revolutionary ideas: end of Ancien Regime
·Enlightened despot: absolute power but enlightened proposals
·Expansion due to military victories over European enemies (Austria, Prussia, Holland, Warsow...). The highest point was the victory in Austerlitz (Austria and Russia) -
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Napoleon rules Europe
·Liberties were limited and public opinion was censured
·Revolutionary measures
·Compulsory primary education to educate an elite to be civil servants
·Those who escaped to exile were allowed to come back
·Napoleon signed a concordat with the Church
·Napoleon spread enlightened and revolutionary ideas (freedom, equality fraternity)
·Civil Code: for all the citizens to organize the society
·Commercial Code: to stimulate the economy
·The Bank of France: new banknotes appeared -
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Empire
The Napoleonic Empire was an imperial state created by the French soldier Napoleon Bonaparte, who in 1804 had himself crowned Emperor of the French. That coronation led to war with several European states, especially Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, who wanted to prevent French expansion -
The battle of Austerlitz
The Battle of Austerlitz, also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors, pitted a French army led by Emperor Napoleon I against the combined Russian-Austrian forces of Russian Tsar Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Francis I on December 2, 1805. in the context of the Napoleonic Wars. It was one of Napoleon's greatest victories, as the First French Empire definitively crushed the Third Coalition after almost nine hours of difficult combat -
R. Fulton's steamboat
Robert Fulton's steamboat made transportation and trade by the river more feasible. -
Russian campain
It was a turning point in the course of the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign reduced the French and Allied invasion forces to less than twenty percent of their initial capacity. The role of this episode in Russian culture can be seen in Tolstoy's work War and Peace, and in the identification that the Soviet Union made between it and Operation Barbarossa from June 22, 1941 to December 5 of that same year. -
Waterloo battle
On June 18, 1815, the French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the British and Prussian armies in the War of Waterloo. The defeat ended the 23-year war between France and the European allied states. -
Stephenson's steam locomotive
It was made to show that improved locomotives would be more efficient than stationary steam engines. -
Beginning of transcontinental railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad was a monumental feat that transformed the United States by providing a coast-to-coast rail link for the first time. -
Beginning of the transcontinental railroad
The First Transcontinental Railroad was a monumental feat that transformed the United States by providing a coast-to-coast rail link for the first time. The construction started in Omaha, Nebraska, and extended westward, while simultaneously another railroad expanded eastward from Sacramento, California. -
Edison's lightbulb
An incandescent bulb that burned long enough to be practical, long enough to light a home for many hours -
The first skyscraper built in Chicago
In architectural history, one structure stands as the leader of a new era: the Home Insurance Building. Completed on LaSalle Street between Adams and Monroe, it holds the distinction of being among the world's first skyscrapers. -
Invention of the radio
Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi (pictured at right) became known across the world as the most successful inventor in applying radio waves to human communication in the 1890s. In 1895 he sent a wireless Morse Code message to a source more than a kilometer away. -
First moving picture
After various screenings to friends and in scientific societies and universities, they held the first commercial exhibition on December 28 of that year at the Grand Café in Paris. -
Wright Brothers' first flight
The Wright Flyer was the first powered flying machine built by the Wright Brothers. -
Ford's model T
The Ford Model T was the first mass-marketed car on a global scale. -
Beginning of WW1
When a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible