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Era of Revolutions
The period from 1770 to 1820 has been called the Era of Revolutions. A revolution produces a violent substitution of the people in power and changes the political, economic and social system. In Europe, the deepest of these revolutions was the French Revolution, but there would be setbacks to the Old Regime and new revolutionary waves in 1820, 1830 and 1848. -
French Revolution
The unequal distribution of wealth and power among the three states or estates of French society became more acute in the eighteenth century. The clergy (first State) and the nobility (second State) were the privileged: they did not pay taxes, they owned most of the land, they received fees and alms from the peasants. The third State or plain State lacked privileges and had to pay taxes. It was a very diverse group, from the poorest even the richest bourgeois -
Three Powers
The legislative: in charge of dictating the general legal order.
The executive: responsible for public administration under that judicial legal
Judicial: that deals with imparting justice. -
Three Estates
First Estate were the clergy or leaders of the Church. The Church-owned land and individuals took care of this land for them, however, they were not responsible for paying taxes on this land.
The Second Estate consisted of the nobles. These people were born into this position of wealth and prestige.
The Third Estate included everyone else from the middle class down, from doctors to lawyers to the homeless and poor. -
Causes of French Revolution
Cultural: The Enlightenment philosophy desacralized the authority of the King and the Church, and promoted a new society based on "reason" instead of traditions.
The emergence of an influential bourgeoisie which was formally part of the Third Estate but had evolved into a caste with its agenda and aspired to political equality with the clergy and the aristocracy
Financial: France's debt, aggravated by French involvement in the American Revolution. -
From the take of the Bastille to the Regime of Terror
On 14th of July 1789, the masses rose and seized the medieval fortress, known as The Bastilla. End of the Former Regime and the beginning of the French Revolution. A real social earth was caused both in France and throughout Europe, including far away from Russia, because of the takeover of the fortress-prison, image of the despotism of the French Monarchy. -
Napoleón Bonaparte
Napoleon was the general who welded the French armies into a combat force that defeated the other armies of Europe for 20 years, from 1795 to 1815. His division contained infantry, artillery, and cavalry. He assembled two or three divisions into a corps to make larger units for battle. He expanded France`s Empire.
he terror will end in July of 1795, with a reaction that displaced the Jacobins and took Robespierre himself to the guillotine -
Revolutionary Cycles 1820, 1830
1820-1830: Napoleon was defeated by the combined army of England, Prussia and Austria (Waterloo, June 1815), after which the kings decided, in the so-called Congress of Vienna (1815), restore the Old Regime, with the same dynasties that had been on the thrones, and curb in line with liberal ideas. But ideas cannot be locked up and in 1820 liberal revolutions were held in Spain, France, Germany, Portugal, Piedmont (northern Italy), Naples, the Russian Empire, and Greece. -
Revolutionary Cycles 1848
1848: The generalized economic crisis in Europe and the workers' discontent led to a rapid and extensive wave of revolutions in 1848, also known as La Primavera de Los Pueblos. But, like the previous ones, they were dominated by force and did not succeed. In all these changes, the great winner is the bourgeoisie, for its influence in the different regimes, and the consolidation of the free market.
