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Period: to
French exploration
encountered intense cold, disease and death unknown hazards and uncharted routes, Indians who might be friend or foe, and other Europeans who might be friend or foe. For Europeans, North America would be a hard won achievement, writes historian Karen Ordahl Kupperman. At times it almost seemed as if the land itself was actively hostile to European lifeways. With this in mind, we select three accounts of French expeditions in the St. Lawrence and Mississippi River regions