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Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience is the active refusal of obeying certain laws, demands, and commands of a government. It was first introduced by Henry Thoreau in 1849 when he refused to pay his poll tax. It was commonly used throughout the race issues -
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. It first started in colonial Africa and came into wide use in the souther portion of the US and lasted from 1865-1877. -
Black Codes
Black Codes were laws by southern states to restrict/limit the freedom of blacks. Restrictions include prohibiting them from voting, bearing arms, gathering in groups for worship and learning to read and write. These laws were finally not enforced in 1964 -
13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. However, african-americans were still treated horribly and were very poor. Even though it helped with blacks, still many of them were living terrible lives. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment states that anyone born in the US is a citizen and of the state wherein they reside. It also says that no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States and shall not be deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment states that the right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment was very important because not only did it allow african-americans the right to vote but it also gives them the chance to be elected for public office. -
Lynching
Lynching is killing someone especially by hanging, for an alleged offense with or without a legal trial. Most of the victims were blacks and were important for white people in order for them to show white supremacy and black powerless. Most lynching occurred from 1882-1920. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
This was one of the many cases if not the first case, to make people realize the small rights colored people have. Plessy lost the case with the judge saying it does NOT violate the 13th and 14th amendment. -
19th Amendment
The 19th Amendment gave woman the right to vote, a right known as woman suffrage. Female citizens did not share all of the same rights as men, including the right to vote. It was not until 1848 that the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with a convention in Seneca Falls, New York -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment sets the date at which federal government elected offices end. It also says who becomes president if the president dies. -
Federal Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Administration is a government created agency created in part by the National Housing Act of 1934. It's designed for low to moderate income borrowers who are unable to make a large down payment. -
Hector P. Garcia
Dr. Hector Garcia was a well known physician and the founder of the GI Forum of the USA. The American GI Forum became a recognized voice for Mexican Americans in the post-World War II era. -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the process of ending the separation of two groups usually referring to race. Brown v. Board of Education was the first major step to the beginning of the end of state-sponsored segregation. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Linda Brown, an african american girl, was denied access into an all-white school and her dad sued the school board saying it is unfair. During the end, multiple people and cases were put together to sue the Board of Education. The Board of Education lost the case and segregation was banned in public school. -
Nonviolent Protest
Nonviolent protest is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, or other methods. Some tactics include bus boycotts, freedom rides, sit-ins, marches, and mass demonstrations which all were used in the civil rights movement. This movement succeeded in bringing about legislative change. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks was an activist in the Civil Rights Movement and is also known as "The Mother of the Freedom Movement". On December 01, 1955, Rosa Parks in Alabama at the time, refused to stand up for a seat for whites only causing huge outrage -
Montgomery Bys Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system. It took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956. It is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation -
Orville Faubus
Orville was the 36th Governor of Arkansas from 1955-1967. He became well known when he used the Arkansas National Guard to stop African Americans from attending Little Rock Central HS as part of federal ordered racially desegregation. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act of 1957 was primarily a voting rights bill and was the first federal civil rights legislation passed by the United States Congress since the Civil Rights Act of 1875. Sadly, the effects weren't as big. Black voting only increased by 3% and white supremacists were still burning down black churches and buildings. -
Sit-Ins
Sit-Ins were when african-americans quietly sat and waited to be served. It was first started on February 1, 1960, when 4 african-americans were refused coffee. Ever since that moment, sit-ins became more efficient and more popular. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action is the policy of favoring members/people of a disadvantaged group who suffer or have suffered from discrimination. This policy was primarily used during the 1970's and 1980's but the positive effects vanished entirely in the late 1980's -
Cesar Chavez
Cesar Chavez was an american labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. His union joined with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee in its first strike against grape growers in California. He was able to secure raises and improve conditions for farm workers in California, Texas, Arizona, and Florida. -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan played a huge role in the women'r right movement by writing the book The Feminine Mystique, in 1963, which explored the idea of woman finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. She co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966, serving as its first president and she also fought for abortion rights by establishing the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws in 1969. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
MLK Jr. was an activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Right's Movement. On August 28, 1963, he gave his most famous speech ever around the Lincoln Memorial in Washington DC. "I have a dream..." -
Lester Maddox
He violated the civil rights act by refusing to serve 3 african-americans. Lester Maddox was determined to not serve any blacks and tried to make it a whites only restaurant. -
24th Amendment
The 24th Amendment states that the right for a citizen to vote in federal elections can not be denied by the US or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. This amendment was important because African-Americans faced lots of discrimination and could not vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a big landmark for african americans. It is a US labor law that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. However, it was extremely hard to enforce this law but in later years people had to accept the law and obey it. -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
Veteran from the World War II and the Vietnam War had a huge impact. People started to respect african americans who served in the army to serve and protect their country. It helped African Americans gain the right to vote and helped gain attention to the civil rights movement. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1896. These laws were continued to be enforced until 1965. -
Upward Bound
Upward Bound is a program that provides opportunities for participants to succeed in their education goals. It takes in high school students from low-income families; and high school students from families who neither don't have a bachelor's degree. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was a big key to ending segregation and became the first African American justice of the Supreme Court. His greatest achievement in his career was winning the case of Brown v. Board of Education -
George Wallace
George Wallace is best known for his 1960's segregationists politics. Wanting to improve his public image, he modified his previous position on race issues. He'd begun receiving support from black organizations and black voters. -
26th Amendment
The 24th Amendment states that any citizen 18 years of age or older can not be denied to vote by the US or by any state on account of age. This was important because it intensified during the Vietnam War when 18year old citizens were fighting for the US and some lost their lives. Many argued that since they're 18 years old and sacrificing their lives, they should have the right to vote. -
Title IX (9)
Title IX states that any person in the US shall not be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance, due to their sex. This helped woman a lot by letting them have a greater chance of getting accepted to a job. -
Head Start
Head Start is a program of the US Department of Health and Human Services that provides early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills.
