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Civil Disobedience
Idea developed by Thoreau in response to the Mexican American War. It is the refusal to obey unjust or immoral laws. -
Black Codes
Black codes were local laws that attempted to control every aspect of Black life in my Southern cities. They ranged from: "stepping out of the way of a white person on the street" to "not making eye contact with whites" -
13th Amendment
The amendment forbade slavery in the U.S.. -
14th Amendment
The 14th amendment declared that all people born in the US were citizens. All citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of race. Their rights were protected by due process of law. -
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming
Tenant farming is similar to renting but you're renting farm land so that you can work it. Sharecropping is tenant farming, but you must also share a portion of your harvest with the land owner. -
15th Amendment
Granted African American men the right to vote. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws segregated whites and blacks. There were mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, and the facilities for blacks were usually worse. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was only 1/8 black, took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.
The majority upheld state-imposed racial segregation. Segregation does not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination. -
19th Amendment
It gave the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of gender. -
20th Amendment
The 20th amendment set the Inauguration Day. -
Federal Housing Authority
It was established by FDR during the depression in order to provide low-cost housing coupled with sanitary condition for the poor. -
Hector P. Garcia
He founded the American G.I. Forum in 1948. He was a Mexican-American physician and promoted civil rights for Mexican Americans and war veterans. -
Brown vs Board
The court declared public school segregation to be unconstitutional. -
Desegregation
Desegregation is the abolishment of racial segregation, which happened due to the work of Civil Rights leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. -
Nonviolent Protest
A nonviolent protest can involved those who participated in sit ins, by provoking segregationists into angry responses, succeeded in winning sympathy from others.
A well known peaceful protests was the Montgomery bus boycott. -
Orval Faubus
Faubus was elected governor of Arkansas in 1955. He is best known for this stand in desegregation of Little Rock High School where he ordered Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from entering the school. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks worked for the NAACP and refused to give up her seat on the bus, after being inspired by Claudette Colvin. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Some blacks walked, carpooled, biked, hitchhiked, etc. Black taxicab riders were charged 10 cent fares, which was the same as a bus fare. Some boycotters were arrested. SCOTUS said segregated buses were unconstitutional, which when segregation on buses ended. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
It was the 1st civil rights legislation since Reconstruction it protected voting rights and prevented interference in voting. It established Federal Civil Rights Commission. -
Sit Ins
A sit in is when a group of people occupy a space as a form of protest. Some of the most well known sit ins happened in Greensboro North Carolina. 4 University students who sat at a “whites only” counted and were refused service, refused to leave until the store closed. -
Affirmative Action
An affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. It was created in 1961. -
Cesar Chavez
Chavez fought for workers rights and created an organization called the United Farm Workers of Americans to request pay and safe working conditions. -
George Wallace
Wallace was elected governor of Alabama in 1963. He ran for president 4 times and was a pro segregationist. -
Martin Luther King Jr.
He was the leader of the civil rights movement. He advocated nonviolent civil disobedience and demanded equal rights for Blacks including desegregation in all public facilities and life. He was arresting for protesting. He gave his "I have a dream speech" in 1963. -
Upward Bound
Upward bound is college preparation for poor teenagers, emerged by Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. -
24th Amendment
The 24th amendment prevents Congress & the states from requiring a “poll tax” before you can vote. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is the law that made racial discrimination against any group in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbade many forms of job discrimination. -
Head Start
Head Start is a program for poor preschoolers, set up by the Elementary and Secondary Edu Act of 1965, which was designed to prepare them for elementary school and it gave nutritious meals and medical exams. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
This prohibited racial discrimination when voting, such a poll taxes, literacy tests, etc. It strengthened enforcement of the 15th amendment and allowed for federeal oversight where registration or turnout was under 50% in 1964. It banned literacy tests as qualifications for voting. -
Betty Friedan
American feminist, activist and writer. She is best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique" She founded the National Organization for Women in 1966. -
Lester Maddox
Maddox was governor of Georgia in 1967 and a owned a former restaurant who refused to serve blacks. He was a pro segregationist. -
Thurgood Marshall
Marshall was a distinguished lawyer, argued and won Brown v Board on Education, and was the first African American Supreme Court Justice, serving in 1967. -
26th Amendment
The 26th amendment prohibits the Federal government & the States from denying the ability to vote based on age. It lowered the voting age to 18. -
Title IX
A law that states that "no person in the US shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participating in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." -
Lynching
Blacks were illegally prosecuted and hung by white mobs. The last documented lynching was Michael Donald in 1980.
