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Grammar-Translation Method
Instruction is in L1. Little or no use of L2 for communication. Focus is on Grammatical analysis. Early reading of difficult texts. Little attention is paid to the content of texts, which are treated as exercises in grammatical analysis. A lot of translating from L1 to L2 or vice versa. Teacher doesn't have to speak the target language. German scholar Karl Ploz was very influential. -
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Grammar-Translation Method
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The Direct Method
No use of L1 is permitted. Lessons begin with dialogues and anecdotes in conversational style. Actions and pictures are used to make meaning clear. Grammar is learned inductively. Reading is for pleasure and not to analyze grammar. Emphasis on correct pronunciation. The preferred type of exercise is a series of questions in the target language based on the dialogue or an anecdotal narrative. John Comenius was very influential. -
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The Direct Method
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Audio-Lingual Method
Lessons begin with dialogue. Language teaching is seen as habit formation so mimicry and memorization is used. Grammatical rules learned through induction. Listening and speaking is mastered before learning reading and writing. Correct pronunciation is stressed. There are great efforts to prevent errors. Focus on culture. B. F. skinner was very influential. -
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Audio-Lingual Method
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Cognitive Approach
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Cognitive Approach
This approach introduced the four principles language skills for the first time: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Oral communicative competence became the focus. Comprehensible auditory input became important and speaking in the target language began to occur. Learning about the language was overemphasized. Learners must attain control over the rules of the target language so they can generate their own utterances. Language practice should always be meaningful. Chomsky was influential. -
The Silent Way
This classroom technique wherein the teacher remains silent while pupils output the language on cue through perpetual prompting. This is the production before meaning school of thought and practice.Self-peer correction. Early writing practice. Caleb Gattegno was very influential. -
Dartmouth Intensive Language Model
Teachers help learners overcome their inhibition.Teachers should be actors and possess vitality in the classroom. The target language should be spoken exclusively. Teaching techniques include as following: drama and action by teacher, immediate correction of grammar and pronunciation errors, skits and games and "micrologue" for teaching culture. John Rassias was very influential. -
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The Silent Way
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Dartmouth Intensive Language Model
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Total Physical Response
In this method, both language and body movement are synchronized through action responses and use of the imperative (direct commands). Kinetic movement of the hands and arms is incorporated in lieu of rote memorization. Exclusive use of target language. Creative language use. James Asher was very influential. -
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Total Physical Response
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The Natural Approach
This acquisition-focused approach sees communicative competence progressing through three stages: (a) aural comprehension (b) early speech production and (c) speech activities, all fostering "natural" language acquisition, much as a child would learn his/her native tongue. Limited error correction. Inductive teaching of grammar. Learners need to acquire plenty of vocabulary to understand and to speak. Communicative competence should be the goal in beginning language instruction.Tracy Terrell. -
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The Natural Approach
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Community Language Learning
Learning a language is not viewed necessarily as an individual accomplishment, but rather as a collective experience, something to be disseminated out into the community at large at a later stage in the second-language acquisition process. Student "participants" are thus allowed to register abstracted grammar both peripherally and semi-consciously. The role of teacher is as "Knower" or "Counselor". Charles Curran was very influential. -
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Community Language Learning
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Suggestopedia
This extremely esoteric, avant-garde method is subconsciously subliminal in texture. Classes are small and intensive, with a low-stress focus. Material is presented in an especially melodic and artistic way. This innovative approach to language pedagogy maximizes the learners' natural holistic talents. Georgi Lozanov was very influential. -
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Suggestopedia
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Proficiency
Knowing a language means being able to use it in communication. Learners use the language to perform functions in a range of contexts and with a level of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency and pragmatic competence, and sociolinguistic competence. ACTFL/ETS. -
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Proficiency
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Standards
Foreign language has a central role in the learning experience of every learner. Competence in a language and culture enables the learner to communicate with others in a variety of settings, gain an understanding of self and other culture, acquire new bodies of knowledge, develop insight isn't his or her own language and culture, and participate in the global community. ACTFL, AATG and TESOL. -
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Standards
