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Period: 1299 to
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire grew to control vast territories across Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa at its peak. They conquered Constantiople in 1453. The empire's military strength, especially its elite crops, and its strategic location along key trade routes, allowed it to thrive economically and culturally. After World War I the ottoman empire was defeated and left a great legacy including influencing the region, particularly in terms of culture, architecture, and governance. -
May 29, 1453
Fall of the Constantinople
This event happened when the Ottoman Empire, led by Mehmed ll, captured the Byzantine capital of Constantinople. This was the end of the Byzantine Empire. The city was a major center of trade, culture, and christianity but was weakened by internal struggles, declining power, and centuries of attacks. Mehmed ll attacked the city with a large army and advanced weaponry. The Ottomans had defeated them. It opened up trade routes to the East, which contributed to the Age of Exploration. -
Period: 1492 to
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange is the widespread transfer of plants, animals, food, diseases, people, and culture between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The Americas were introduced to European livestock like horses, cattle, pigs, wheat, sugar, and coffee. Europeans gained things like maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco. The Columbian Exchange played a crucial role in shaping global trade, diets, economies, and cultures and that's why it's significant. -
Period: 1500 to
Middle Passage (Slave Trade)
The Middle Passage was the journey across the Atlantic Ocean that transported enslaved Africans to the Americas. Africans were captured and then packed into overcrowded, unsanitary ships for the journey, cramped quarters, no ventilation, food, or water. Diseases spread quickly and with being abused and malnourished many died. Once the Africans would arrive in the Americas they were instantly put to work. Worked on plantations, mines, or as domestic labor. Millions died on this journey. -
Period: 1501 to
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire thrived through its trade and military conquests. Under the influence of Abbas I. They expanded their territory, modernizing the military, and fostering a golden age of Persians art, architecture, and culture. External invasions, and economic challenges eventually led to the weakening of the empire. They were eventually overthrown by the Afghan invasion, making it the end of the empire. They left an impact in areas of Shi’a Islam and Persian culture. -
Period: 1517 to
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation was a religious movement. Aimed at reforming the Catholic Church. In 1517 Luther nailed his “95 Theses” to the door of a church in Wittenberg. This criticized Church practices such as the sale of indulgences and questioning the authority of the Pope. Challenged by the Catholic Church's dominance in Europe, this led to the formation of new protestant denominations, such as Lutheranism and Calvinism. -
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was in South Asia founded by Babur. Emperors like Akbar the Great, the Mughal Empire expanded significantly covering much of the Indian subcontinent. He promoted religious tolerance, centralized administration, and flourishing of trade and culture. It declined slowly. Eventually the Mughal Empire effectively came to an end after the India Rebellion of 1857. They left an impact with the spread of their culture with Persian, Indian, and Central Asian cultures. -
Period: 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was a period of profound transformation in scientific thought and discovery that laid the foundation for modern science. There were a lot of key figures of the Scientific Revolution. Challenged traditional views, especially the thoughts of Geocentric and Heliocentric. The methods and ideas created at this time developed during this time had lasting impacts on science, philosophy, and society shaping the Enlightenment and the modern scientific enterprise. -
Period: 1562 to
The French Wars of Religion
This was a series of conflicts fought primarily between French Catholics and Protestants. The wars were driven by religions, political, and social tensions, as well as the rivalry between powerful noble families. The conflict began with the Massacre of Vassy in 1562 that sparked widespread violence. Fought for control of key territories. The Wars ended with the Edict of Nantes in 1598. This significantly shaped the country's history, contributing to the rise of absolutism under Louis XIV. -
Period: 1566 to
Dutch Revolt
The Dutch Revolt was a rebellion by the northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands against Spanish rule, driven by religious, economic, and political tensions. The conflict began with resistance to Catholic policies and heavy taxation, with the predominantly Protestant Dutch seeking greater autonomy. After decades of war, the Treaty of Westphalia recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic, marking the end of the revolt and the rise of the Netherlands as a major European power. -
Edict of Nantes
This was issued by King Henry IV of France. This granted religious tolerance to the Huguenots, effectively ending the French Wars of Religion. This allowed the Protestants to practice their faith freely in certain regions of France, granted them political rights, and provided them with the right to hold public office. In return the Huguenots had to swear loyalty to the French crown and could not disrupt the Catholic Church's authority in the majority of the country. Later it was revoked. -
Period: to
English Civil War
The English Civil War was a series of conflicts fought between the forces of the English monarchy and Parliament. The war was primarily driven by disputes over issues like royal authority, taxation, religion, and governance. The war divided England into two main factions, the Royalists, and Parliamentarians. After a long battle the Parliamentarians eventually won. This led to the development of a constitutional monarchy and the strengthening of parliamentary power. -
Period: to
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China and was established by the Manchu leader, Shunzhi. This dynasty expanded China's borders greatly, incorporating Tibet, Xinjiang, and Taiwan into the Empire. The Opium Wars with Britain and “unequal treaties” weakened the Qing, causing land loss and concessions to foreign powers. They eventually ended with the Xinhai Revolution. Marking the end of imperial rule after thousands of years using a dynastic government. -
English Bill of Rights
The English Bill of Rights was passed on December 16, 1689, following the Glorious Revolution that saw William of Orange and Mary II take the throne. It established key constitutional principles, including limits on the powers of the monarchy, protection of individual rights, and the requirement for regular parliamentary elections. The Bill of Rights laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy in England and influenced future democratic reforms, including the American Bill of Rights. -
Period: to
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a movement that emphasized reason, individualism, and the pursuit of knowledge through science and philosophy. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Voltaire, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, challenged traditional authority, including the monarchy and the Church, advocating for human rights, liberty, and democracy. This period led to revolutionary movements and the development of democratic principles in Europe and the Americas. -
Period: to
The French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of significant political and social upheaval in France, driven by inequality, financial crisis, and Enlightenment ideals. Key events include the storming of the Bastille and the execution of their leader King Louis XVI. The revolution ended with Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power, reshaping France and influencing future democratic movements around the world. The accomplishment of this was the fall of monarchy, changes in society with middle class growth. -
Three Estates Financial Crisis Discussion
Estates-General convened in France to address the financial crisis faced by King Louis XVI's government.The assembly was composed of three estates; the first one was clergy, second was nobility, and the third was commoners. Tensions arose when the Third Estate, frustrated by their lack of influence, declared themselves the National Assembly. The third estate was left with heavy taxes and economic hardship so they were upset. One vote against two which means the third estate will never win. -
Period: to
French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of conflicts between revolutionary France and various European monarchies. France declared war on Austria in 1792, later facing a coalition of European powers including Prussia, Britain, and Spain. The wars saw significant military victories for France, led by general Napoleon Bonaparte, which helped secure the revolution and expand French territory. The conflict officially ended with the Treaty of Amiens. -
Period: to
Italy Campaign
The Italy Campaign was a series of military campaigns in which he led French forces to victory against Austrian and Italian opponents, securing French control over much of northern Italy. The campaign showcased Napoleon's military genius, with decisive victories at battles like Lodi and Arcole, which expanded French influence and weakened Austrian power in the region. France eventually had territorial gains and enhanced Napoleon's reputation as a rising military leader. -
Battle of Waterloo
The Battle of Waterloo was a decisive confrontation between Napoleon's French forces and an army led by the Duke of Wellington and Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. Napoleon's defeat ended his rule as Emperor of France and marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Following the battle, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Saint Helena. It concluded a war that had raged for 23 years ended French attempts to dominate Europe, and destroy Napoleon's imperial power forever. -
Sources part 2
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qing-dynastyhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/scientific-https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bill-of-Rights-British-history
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/enlightenment#:~:text=1,used%20with%20thehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars -