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Period: to
John Dewey
He was one of the founders of the constructivism -
Period: to
Maria Montessori
She was a prominent supporter of progressivism. -
Period: to
Paolo Friere
He used to support the philosophy of reconstructionism. -
1950
In the 1950s, the learning outcomes in the form of objectives became a minor strategy for teachers because they started to teach to write the goals as a basis for lesson and course planning. -
1970
The curriculum planning was adopted by the Council of Europe as an academic approach. -
Clark's
Clark’s (1987), made a description of some features of progressivism that according to captures the essence of the curriculum as a process; for example, it promotes the development of the learner as an individual, and it makes less emphasis on the syllabus and more on methodological procedures. -
Forward design
Tessmer and Wedman (1990), mentioned that forward design assumes that curriculum design consists of a “waterfall” model, which means that is a sequence of stages that occur in a fixed order. -
Van Lier
Van Lier is in huge support of the idea that curriculum starts with the activities, needs, and purposes of the learner. -
Pinar and Irwin
Pinar and Irwin (2005), refer that the “lived curriculum” and the curriculum as a lived practice. -
Backward design
Wiggins and McTighe (2005), describe that backward design starts with the statement of the desired goals or results of the outcomes.