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He was one of the founders of the constructivism
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She was a prominent supporter of progressivism.
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He used to support the philosophy of reconstructionism.
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In the 1950s, the learning outcomes in the form of objectives became a minor strategy for teachers because they started to teach to write the goals as a basis for lesson and course planning.
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The curriculum planning was adopted by the Council of Europe as an academic approach.
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Clark’s (1987), made a description of some features of progressivism that according to captures the essence of the curriculum as a process; for example, it promotes the development of the learner as an individual, and it makes less emphasis on the syllabus and more on methodological procedures.
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Tessmer and Wedman (1990), mentioned that forward design assumes that curriculum design consists of a “waterfall” model, which means that is a sequence of stages that occur in a fixed order.
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Van Lier is in huge support of the idea that curriculum starts with the activities, needs, and purposes of the learner.
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Pinar and Irwin (2005), refer that the “lived curriculum” and the curriculum as a lived practice.
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Wiggins and McTighe (2005), describe that backward design starts with the statement of the desired goals or results of the outcomes.