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Events of the Civil Rights Movement
This timespan includes a variety of events occuring during the years 1850-2010 which have some significance to the civil rights movement. During these years, many African-Americans were discriminated for merely the color of their skin. This denied them the equal access, priveleges, and rights as granted to people withour color. These are some of the many occurances that led, step by step, to the equal treatment of African-Americans by people, who stood up for what they believed in. -
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
On this day, Abraham Lincon set free the slaves in the rebellious part rebelling against federal government, but failed to free many. The slaves in southern and border states were still there, including most in the rebellious part whose owners did not follow Lincon's word, allowing the Civil War to take place.
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Octavius Catto murdered on Election Day in Philadelphia
Octavius Catto was a black teacher and a civil rights activist. On October 10, 1871, which was Election Day, Catto was going to vote, but continuoulsy harassed by white people. Police seem to have believed the Catto had purchased a revolver. Frank Kelley, an Irish man, shot Catto three times, who died from the wounds. No one was able to say if Catto pulled his gun, but Kelley was not convicted at all.
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Civil Rights Act of 1875 Passed
On March 1, 1875, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was passed. This act allowed African-Americans equal treatment for public accomodations, transportation, and even jury service.
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Civil Rights Act of 1875 Uncostitututional
On October 16, 1883, the Civil rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional and going against the 13th and 14th amendment. The 14th amendment prohibits discrimination by state, but doesn't give federal power the right to prohibit the discrimination given from private individuals. Also, the 13th amendment was to destroy "the badge of slavery", but that doesnt mean racial discrimination is not allowed.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
Homer Plessy was thrown in jail for deliberately sitting in the car meant for white even though he is mostly white. After Plessy's lawyer countered the judgement by stating that it violated the 13th and 14th amendment, Supreme Court ruled that it was still constitutional as seperate, if the facilities were equal. So this was used for mostly everything else like seperate bathrooms, and more.
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First Meeting of the Niagara Movement
Niagara Movement was a civil rights group who were African American. It was named this because of the force it was eager to bring and the changes in history it wanted to make.
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Hocutt vs. Wilson
Conrad O. pearson and Cecil McCoy were colored lawyers from Durnham, North Carolina that wanted to desegregate top education in U.S. Along with NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) this became a case and was dismissed, but is still important because it challenged the "seperate but equal" doctrine that was being used for many things.
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Smith vs. Allwright
Thurgood Marshall decide to stand up and state outloud that it was unfair that the Democratic Party made up if whites only basically dominated the political system of Texas, which brought up whether not allowing Blacks to vote violated the 14th and 15th amendments. This case was overruled saying that is was constitutional because it was not the states action and not endorsed by the state.
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Shelley vs. Kraemer
Kraemer had land govened by restrictive covenant with a private agreement that not Blacks or Asians will come on their land. the Shelley's, an African American family came and settled on the land and Kraemer sued the Shelley's. Supreme Court ruled that you cannot restrict blacks from buying the land even of there is a really strict covenant on it. This violated the 14th amendment.
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Henderson vs. U.S.
Elmer W. Henderson was denied service in a railroad dining cart when the are was full of White people including the areas reserved for Blacks. So instead of letting him sit with the White people, he was asked to sit in a Pullman seat which furiated Henderson. Supreme Court found that instead of using the 'seperate but equal' doctorine, they found the railroad service at fault for not providing him a seat with the same class ticket. -
Sweatt vs. Painter
Hemon Marian Sweatt was refused admission to the School of Law of the University of Texas because the principal did not like the idea of intergrated education. The Supreme Court said that Sweatt shoud be allowed in the university because the School of Law for Negros which was created AFTER Sweatt was denied and case began, did not have equal facilities and seperation was not good for law students.
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McLaurin vs. Oklahoma State Regents
George McLaurin, who had a Masters Degree in Education, was first denied admission to University of Oklahoma but then succesfully sued them. Then, he was still given seperate facilities at the university because Oklahoma law did not allow blacks and whites to be taught together. The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional and violates the 14th amendment.
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