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Serbia Grows Closer to Independence
The Serbs were the first to revolt against the Ottoman Empire. Karageorge and Milos Obrenovic were the leaders of the Serbian nationalist revolt. The revolt was driven by the ideas of nationalism and liberalism. -
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a gathering where all the European nations came together to "fix" Europe from Napoleon's domination. This congress pushed France back to its original borders. The representatives of the congress wanted to go back to the more traditional ways of monarchies and governments to squash any ideas of rebellion. -
Greek Rebellion Against the Ottoman Empire
In 1821, the Greeks followed the Serbs and started a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire seeking to end centuries of Ottoman rule. By the late 1820's, European powers forced the Ottomans to grant independence to Greece. In return the Greece had to accept a German king as their leader. -
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Brazilian Independence and Monarchy
The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil when Napoleon took over Portugal. All of the family returned to Portugal except one son, Dom Pedro. In 1822 he declared himself emperor of an independent Brazil. This government had a constitution that allowed for freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and an elected legislature. Brazil became a republic in 1889. -
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The Reign of Charles X
In 1824, Charles X came to power after his brother Louis XVII died. Charles believed in absolutism. The French citizens did not like the way he ran the country. In July of 1830, Charles made drastic changes to the government which include suspending the legislature, limiting the right to vote, and suppressing the press. This caused a revolt in Paris and led to Charles fleeing to England and abdicating the throne. -
Polish Revolt
Poland was ruled by three different powers at the end of the 1700s, and they were hoping the Congress of Vienna would reunite the country and allow them to be self-ruled. Instead Russia gained full control of Poland. In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners continued the trend of revolution throughout Eastern Europe. However this revolt failed as the instigators failed to gain widespread support and were crushed by Russian forces. -
February Days
The February Days were part of the French revolution in 1848, which started when France experienced an economic recession. The French government attempted to quiet the people criticizing the government and prevent people holding gatherings. This led to demonstrations in Paris where protesters fought with the royal troops, which resulted in death for demonstrators. -
June Days
The June Days took place during the French Revolution of 1848. At this point in the revolution the government was led by upper and middle class citizens who closed national workshops. These workers demonstrated in the streets of Paris, and peasants and the bourgeois liberals attacked the demonstrators. Fifteen hundred people were killed in the streets of Paris. As a result, the division and distrust between the classes grew. -
Louis Napolean is Elected President
At the end of the revolution of 1848 in France, a new constitution was issued for the Second Republic. This constitution established a president and a one body legislature. All adult men gained the right to vote. By the end of 1848 Louis Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, is elected president of France. -
The End of the Age of Revolutions
By 1850 the European Revolutions diminished as more of them failed. This ended the age of liberalism that started in 1789. The revolutions failed because the leaders of the countries were not afraid to use force, and the rebels did not have enough support. -
Louis Napoleon Becomes Emperor
Louis Napoleon ended the Second Republic quickly after being elected in 1848. He declared himself Napoleon III and established the Second Empire in 1852. Ninety percent of voters supported the establishment of this empire. -
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The American Civil War
In the United States a division grew between the North and the South. The South used slave labor. Slavery allowed land owners to harvest crops in a cheaper way. The North did not approve, so the South seceded, forming the Confederate States of America. The North eventually overpowered the South, and the United States became one country again.
