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Reign of Peter the Great 7 May 1682 – 2 November 1721
For more information, see "Panorama of the Summer Gardens in St. Petersburg" -
Panorama of the Summer Gardens in St. Petersburg (Reign of Peter the Great 7 May 1682 – 2 November 1721)
During his reign, Peter the Great (7 May 1682 – 2 November 1721), enacted numerous reforms to “Europeanize” Russian society. Zubov's etchings of his palace gardens show the influence of absolutism on Peter the Great's perception of European identity Alexei Zubov, Panorama of the Summer Gardens in St. Petersburg, View from the Neva River, Etching, 1717, 16.5 x 20.3 cm, State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia. -
"Preliminary Discourse." Of the The Encyclopedia (1751-1772)
"The Encyclopedia which we are presenting to the public is, as its title declares, the work of a society of men of letters" As stated in Jean Le Rond d'Alembert's introduction, "Preliminary Discourse," The Encyclopedia embodied the collaborative spirit of the Enlightenment, which transcended national boarders in Europe. 'Alembert, Jean Le Rond. "Preliminary Discourse." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. MPublishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009. -
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Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
For more information, see ""Preliminary Discourse." -
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Congress of Vienna
For more information, see "Metternich on Making Peace" -
Metternich on Making Peace (Congress of Vienna September 1814 - June 9 1815)
"The real purpose of the congress was to divide amongst the conquerors the spoils taken from the vanquished" According to Metternich, during the Congress of Vienna, the dynastic powers came together to preserve the "status quo." This created a pan-national vision of Europe linked to this balance of power Prince Richard Metternich, MEMOIRS OF PRINCE METTERNICH, 1773-1815. Volume II Translated by Alexander Klinkowstrom (New York Howard Fertig) 1907
2.h-net.msu.edu/~habsweb/sourcetexts/vienna.ht -
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Greek War of Independence
For more information, see "Lord Byron in Greece" -
Lord Byron in Greece ( Greek War of Independence 6 March 1821 – 21 July 1832)
"Awake not Greece—She is awake,
Awake my spirit!—" The Greek war of Independence captured the imagination of Romantic artists, such as Lord Byron, throughout Europe, who viewed Greece as part of European identity. In an English paper, the works of Byron during this period were described as "European" with "peculiar the character of the Greeks." “Lord Byron in Greece,” Westminster Review. Vol. 2 (London) July , 1824, 225-62.
http://lordbyron.cath.lib.vt.edu/archives.php?choose=MissolonghiMem -
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Berlin Conference
For more information, see "General Acts of the Berlin Conference." -
General acts of the 1885 Conference of Berlin
"Aim at instructing the natives and bringing home to them the blessings of civilization." The Conference of Berlin exemplified European imperialism. The acts placed European civilization, racially and internationally, above those of the civilizations of Africa. General Act of the Conference of Berlin Concerning the Congo, The American Journal of International Law Vol. 3, No. 1, Supplement: Official Documents (Jan1909) 7-25 , American Society of International Law, www.jstor.org/stable/2212022 -
The Brussels Treaty
"To cooperate loyally and to coordinate their efforts to create in Western Europe a firm basis for European economic recovery" The Brussels Treaty represents the division which occurred in Europe identity after World War Two, between the West and the East "The Brussels Treaty,” NATO Official Home Page, last modified: Octomber 1st, 2009, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17072.htm.
