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Civil Rights Act 1964
It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal". "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education. -
Jackie Robinson Hired to the Brooklyn Dodgers
Color Line- a barrier that separated the whits and the non whites. In 1945, Robinson crossed the color line when Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey hired him. -
Executive Order 9981
Segregation- segregation established by practice and custom, rather than by law. There was segregation wherever you went. It was in housings, schools, marriage, workplace, and politics. -
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) founded
Civil Rights- CORE was committed to nonviolent direct action as a means of change. Its first action—a peaceful protest at a segregated coffee shop in Chicago in 1943. -
Brown v. Board of education Ruling
Thurgood Marshall- became the head person for the NAACP he was focused on ending segregation through court -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
African Americans had to sit at the back of the bus. If the bus was full, they were required to give up their seats to white riders. Furthermore, blacks could never share a row with whites. -
Birmingham campaign
SCLC- an organization formed by Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders in 1957 to use nonviolent resistance to achieve social and political goals -
Integration of central High school
Little rock nine- In September 1957, nine black students were scheduled to join them. On September 4, 1957, the day the nine students were to begin classes, the troops appeared at Central High as a show of force and to prevent the students from entering the building. -
Advocates of Black Nationalism
a doctrine, promoted by the Nation of Islam, calling for complete separation from white society. Black Muslims worked to become independent from whites by establishing their own businesses, schools, and communities. -
First Counter Lunch Sit in
Jim Crow Laws and sit in- During the 1960s, sit-ins like this one captured nationwide attention for the civil rights movement. As news of the Greensboro action spread, protesters began sit-ins in towns and cities across the South. On July 25, 1960, the first African American ate at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro. -
Regents of the university of California
a policy that calls on employers to actively seek to increase the number of minorities in their workforce. Affirmative action was first introduced by President John F. Kennedy. In 1961, he issued an executive order that called on contractors doing business with the federal government to “take affirmative action” to hire minorities. -
Freedom Rides
Civil Disobedience and SNCC- SNCC trained students in civil disobedience, counseling them to deliberately break laws they considered unjust. SNCC leaders emphasized that protesters must not use violence, even if they were physically attacked. -
March on Washington
NAACP- The quarter of a million protesters included about 60,000 whites as well as union members, clergy, students, entertainers, and celebrities such as Rosa Parks and Jackie Robinson. a 1963 protest in which more than 250,000 people demonstrated in the nation's capital for "jobs and freedom" and the passage of civil rights legislation -
voting rights act of 1965
The act outlawed literacy tests and other tactics used to deny African Americans the right to vote. The act also called for the federal government to supervise voter registration in areas where less than half of voting-age citizens were registered to vote. -
Watts Riots
During that time, 34 people died, almost 900 were injured, and nearly 4,000 were arrested. Rioters burned and looted whole neighborhoods, causing $45 million of property damage. The rioting did not end until 14,000 members of the National Guard were sent to Watts to restore order. -
Black Panther Party
For many African Americans, black power meant the power to shape public policy through the political process. civil rights groups organized voter-registration drives across the South. -
Swann V Charlotte
the 1971 Supreme Court ruling that busing was an acceptable way to achieve school integration. In 1970, a federal judge ordered the district to use busing to integrate its schools. -
Civil right acts of 1968
n many U.S. cities, landlords in white neighborhoods refused to rent to blacks. This law included a fair-housing component that banned discrimination in housing sales and rentals,
